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Geo-visualizing the hotspots of smog-induced health effects in district Gujranwala, Pakistan: a community perspective

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Abstract

This study aims to examine the health effects of smog on different age groups in Gujranwala and its associated health effects. To achieve this, primary data was gathered through a questionnaire survey focused on health issues faced by elderly individuals during the smog season. The results of the survey revealed that older adults in Gujranwala are particularly vulnerable to a range of health problems during this period, including coughing, throat infections, irritated eyes, runny noses, shortness of breath, chest pain while breathing, wheezing, asthma, heart problems, and respiratory issues. In order to analyze the spatial distribution of these health concerns, spatial and geo-statistical methods were employed utilizing ArcGIS 10.5. By integrating field data and secondary sources, hotspot and cold spot zones were identified. Employing the statistical model within ArcMap 10.5, hotspot analysis was performed to determine areas with elevated air quality index (AQI) values and associated health problems. The application of the inverse distance weighted approach, incorporating the Z value, facilitated a visual representation of areas with heightened and reduced AQI and health-related issues. The study’s outcomes underscore the prevalence of health challenges among older adults during the winter months in Gujranwala, particularly linked to smog-induced throat infections, irritated eyes, and runny noses. The research identified zones with escalated AQI values, encompassing regions such as Gujranwala, Chandaqella, Alam Chowk, Khali Shahpur, Sialkot Bypass, and Pindi Bypass. It was established that industrial pollutants and vehicular emissions are the primary contributors to smog in the area. Given the detrimental consequences of pollution on individuals of all age groups, it is imperative to take action to mitigate its impact. This can be achieved through addressing pollution sources, implementing effective emission control measures, and fostering public awareness. By adopting proactive measures, the adverse health effects of pollution can be minimized, thereby fostering a healthier and safer environment for the entire population. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers and environmentalists to implement targeted interventions and improve air quality, ultimately safeguarding the health of local populations.

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Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

Abbreviations

AQI :

Air quality index

GIS:

Geographic Information System

GPS:

Global Positioning System

IDW :

Inverse distance weighted

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

O3 :

Ozone

PM :

Particulate matter

SO2 :

Sulfur dioxide

VOCs:

Volatile organic compounds

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge online data sources for providing this opportunity to conduct research studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Shakeel Mahmood & Aqib Ali

  2. Department of Environment and Pollution Engineering, Technical Engineering College of Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, 36001, Iraq

    Huda Jamal Jumaah

Authors
  1. Shakeel Mahmood
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  2. Aqib Ali
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  3. Huda Jamal Jumaah
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Contributions

Shakeel Mahmood and Aqib Ali contributed equally to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Aqib Ali. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Aqib Ali. Shakeel Mahmood supervised the entire study, and reviewed, updated and revised the manuscript. Huda Jamal Jumaah also reviewed and updated the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shakeel Mahmood.

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Mahmood, S., Ali, A. & Jumaah, H.J. Geo-visualizing the hotspots of smog-induced health effects in district Gujranwala, Pakistan: a community perspective. Environ Monit Assess 196, 457 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12619-w

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