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Microplastic pollution: a review of techniques to identify microplastics and their threats to the aquatic ecosystem

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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), small synthetic particles, have emerged as perilous chemical pollutants in aquatic habitats, causing grave concerns about their disruptive effects on ecosystems. The fauna and flora inhabiting these specific environments consume these MPs, unwittingly introducing them into the intricate web of the food chain. In this comprehensive evaluation, the current methods of identifying MPs are amalgamated and their profound impacts on marine and freshwater ecosystems are discussed. There are many potential risks associated with MPs, including the dangers of ingestion and entanglement, as well as internal injuries and digestive obstructions, both marine and freshwater organisms. In this review, the merits and limitations of diverse identification techniques are discussed, including spanning chemical analysis, thermal identification, and spectroscopic imaging such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescent microscopy. Additionally, it discusses the prevalence of MPs, the factors that affect their release into aquatic ecosystems, as well as their plausible impact on various aquatic ecosystems. Considering these disconcerting findings, it is imperative that appropriate measures should be taken to assess the potential risks of MP pollution, protect aquatic life and human health, and foster sustainable development.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China

    Afroza Akter Liza

  2. Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh

    Asifa Ashrafy, Shaikh Tareq Arafat, Md. Moshiur Rahman & Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman

  3. Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh

    Md. Nazrul Islam

  4. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh

    Md. Morsaline Billah & Md. Rezaul Karim

  5. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-847, Japan

    Shaikh Tareq Arafat

  6. Fish Conservation and Culture Lab, Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA

    Md. Moshiur Rahman

  7. Global Sanitation Graduate School, Institute of Disaster Management, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh

    Md. Mehedi Hasan

  8. Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

    Ahsan Rajib Promie

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Conceptualization: Md Nazrul Islam, Md Moshiur Rahman; draft writing: Afroza Akter Liza, Asifa Ashrafy, Shaikh Tareq Arafat, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ahsan Rajib Promie, Md. Rezaul Karim, Md Nazrul Islam; drawing: Md. Rezaul Karim; review and editing: Md Nazrul Islam, Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman, Md Moshiur Rahman; Md Morsaline Billah.

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Liza, A.A., Ashrafy, A., Islam, M.N. et al. Microplastic pollution: a review of techniques to identify microplastics and their threats to the aquatic ecosystem. Environ Monit Assess 196, 285 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12441-4

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