Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for the improvement of the white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei; health-related indices; and immunity due to emerging diseases. Recently, probiotics have been playing an important role in L. vannamei health management. Therefore, the current pond trial was to evaluate the probiotic proficiency of commercial probiotic products of THIONIL (THIO) on the enhancement of the water, soil, growth, digestibility, survival, immune-related indices, and susceptibility of L. vannamei to infection. The study was carried out in the major shrimp culturing regions of Kavali, Nellore (Andhra Pradesh), and Ponneri (Tamil Nadu), India. Six groups (lacks/ha) of the experimental L. vannamei were allocated, including a control group (THIO 0%—untreated) and groups containing 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of THIO that were encapsulated with commercial feed (CP Aqua). Bioassays were performed on PLs/ shrimp at various days interval of 0, 5, 25, 50, 100, and 123th to assess productivity, anti-vibrio activity, and digestive enzyme for digestibility, histological and immunological indices, and cytotoxicity in Artemia nauplii. Significant differences were observed in the increased growth (35.71 ± 3.24 g/shrimp) and digestive parameters in 10% THIO-fed shrimp. Although in contrast to the control group, the other THIO-fed prawn groups also displayed appreciable development. The findings showed that, in comparison to the control, the gill, hepatopancreas, and stomach had reduced tissue damage with 10% THIO. Furthermore, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0.008 × 104 cfu/g) and Vibrio harveyi (0.051 × 105 cfu/g) (vibriosis) were potentially resistant to the 10% THIO-fed group. In addition, THIO-fed prawns (10%) showed significant improvements in immune-related expresses (proPO, SOD, and SOA) in comparison to the control. In conclusion, the findings showed that the THIO treatment prawns significantly improved the quality of their water (pH, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and DO) and soil (Pb, Cr, Hg, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Ni), increased and demonstrated protection against vibrio infections.
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The authors acknowledge the grant support from UGC DR. D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship (Normal Fellowship): No. F. 4–2/2006 (BSR)/BL/19–20/0298 New Delhi, The Management of Poseidon Biotech, Chennai and Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India for their constant support. The authors express their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2023R696), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Rajkumar Thamarai: work design, writing review, editing, conceptualization, supervision. Thiyagarajan Sivaprakasam: data curation, supervision, project administration. Chinnaperumal Kamaraj: conceptualization, investigation, data curation, methodology, software, formal analysis, writing—review and editing. Dhatchayani Harikrishnan: formal analysis. Jawahar sri Prakash Thiyagarajan: documentation, formal analysis. Jeyashree Swaminathan: formal analysis. Koteeswaran Mani: formal analysis. Rajkumar Prabhakaran: data curation and analysis. Vimal Sukumar: formal analysis. Shine Kadaikunnan: critical review. Kalidass Subramaniam: critical review. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors and are aware that with minor exceptions, no changes can be made to authorship once the paper is submitted.
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Thamarai, R., Sivaprakasam, T., Kamaraj, C. et al. Impact of THIONIL® on reducing water and soil micro-pollutant and enhancement of growth, survival, anti-vibrio, immunity and health indices of Litopenaeus vannamei in pond trial. Environ Monit Assess 196, 93 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12261-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12261-y