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Interactions of urbanisation, climate variability, and infectious disease dynamics: insights from the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu

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Abstract

Climate change and shifts in land use/land cover (LULC) are critical factors affecting the environmental, societal, and health landscapes, notably influencing the spread of infectious diseases. This study delves into the intricate relationships between climate change, LULC alterations, and the prevalence of vector-borne and waterborne diseases in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India, between 1985 and 2015. The research utilised Landsat-4, Landsat-5, and Landsat-8 data to generate LULC maps, applying the maximum likelihood algorithm to highlight significant transitions over the years. This study revealed that built-up areas have increased by 67%, primarily at the expense of agricultural land, which was reduced by 51%. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from APHRODITE Water Resources, and with a statistical analysis of the time series data revealed an annual average temperature increase of 1.8 °C and a minor but statistically significant rainfall increase during the study period. Disease data was obtained from multiple national health programmes, revealing an increasing trend in dengue and diarrhoeal diseases over the study period. In particular, dengue cases surged, correlating strongly with the increase in built-up areas and temperature. This research is instrumental for policy decisions in public health, urban planning, and climate change mitigation. Amidst limited research on the interconnections among infectious diseases, climate change, and LULC changes in India, our study serves as a significant precursor for future management strategies in Coimbatore and analogous regions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are also thankful to the Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Japan; and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) grant no. 21K05664 facilitating the necessary logistic support for this study. We extend our sincere thanks to the three anonymous reviewers whose insightful feedback significantly improved the quality and content of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) grant no. 21K05664.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan

    Sudha Suresh, Ankita Gupta & Ram Avtar

  2. Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan

    Gowhar Meraj

  3. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, 240-0115, Japan

    Pankaj Kumar

  4. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), 457-4 MotoyamaKita-Ku, KamigamoKyoto, 603-8047, Japan

    Deepak Singh

  5. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Army Base Hospital, Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi, 110010, India

    Inam Danish Khan

  6. Centre of Environmental Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India

    Tarun Kumar Yadav

  7. Department of Economics, Bengaluru City University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560001, India

    Asma Kouser

  8. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan

    Asma Kouser & Ram Avtar

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. Sudha Suresh, Gowhar Meraj, and Ram Avtar designed the study and conducted a formal analysis. Sudha Suresh, Deepak Singh, Ankita Gupta, Asma Kouser, Inam Danish Khan, and Ram Avtar conducted the field work. Sudha Suresh, Tarun Yadav, and Pankaj Kumar processed data and interpreted the results. Ram Avtar is the mentor for the study and obtained the funding. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the writing and review of the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ram Avtar.

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Suresh, S., Meraj, G., Kumar, P. et al. Interactions of urbanisation, climate variability, and infectious disease dynamics: insights from the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1226 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11856-9

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