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Ecological monitoring of urban thermal field variance index and determining the surface urban heat island effects in Lahore, Pakistan

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Abstract

Lahore is the second major metropolitan city in Pakistan in terms of urban population and built-up area, making the city a more ideal place to form the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effects. In the last two decades, the considerable land-use conversion from a natural surface (vegetation) and permeable (waterbody) surface into an impervious (built-up area) surface has lead to an increase in land surface temperature (LST) in Lahore. The human thermal comfort (HTC) of the residents is also impacted by the higher LST. The present study uses multi-temporal Landsat (5&8) satellite imageries to examine the ecological and thermal conditions of Lahore between 2000 and 2020. The ecological and thermal conditions of Lahore are assessed by calculating the urban heat islands and UTFVI (urban thermal field variance index), based on LST data which quantitatively assessed the UHI effect and the quality of human life. The outcomes establish that the urban built-up area has increased by 18%, while urban vegetation, vacant land, and waterbody decreased by 13%, 4%, and 0.04%, respectively. In the last 20 years, the mean LST of the study region has risen by about 3.67 °C. The UHI intensity map shows intensification and a rise in surface temperature variation from 4.5 °C (2000) to 5.9 °C (2020). Furthermore, the finding shows that the ecological and thermal conditions are worse in construction sites, transition zones, and urban areas in comparison to nearby rural areas. The lower UTFVI was observed in dense vegetation cover areas while a hot spot of higher UTFVI was predominantly observed in the areas of transition zones and built-up area expansion. Those areas with higher hot spots are more vulnerable to the urban heat island effect. The main conclusions of this study are essential for educating city officials and urban planners in developing a sustainable urban land development plan to reduce urban heat island effects by investing in open green spaces for urban areas of cities.

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Data availability

The datasets produced and examined for the present work are not generally accessible but are provided upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The USGS is appreciated by the authors for allowing free downloads of the Landsat data. We also appreciate the reviewers’ and the editor’s insightful remarks and ideas.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geography, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah

  2. Institute of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, 12489, Germany

    Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah, Dagmar Haase & Salman Qureshi

  3. Department of Geography, Lahore College for Women University (LCWU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Sahar Zia

  4. Department of Geography, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Munazza Fatima

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  1. Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah
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  2. Dagmar Haase
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  3. Salman Qureshi
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  4. Sahar Zia
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  5. Munazza Fatima
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Contributions

Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah led the conceptualization, methodology, and data analysis; conducted the overall analysis; and wrote the manuscript. Dagmar Haase supervised the research and provide resources, and Salman Qureshi provided technical inputs for the research and reviewed the paper. Sahar Zia provide help during the map analysis and also edited and review the article. Munazza Fatima reviews and edits the article.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah.

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Nasar-u-Minallah, M., Haase, D., Qureshi, S. et al. Ecological monitoring of urban thermal field variance index and determining the surface urban heat island effects in Lahore, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1212 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11799-1

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