Abstract
Urban agglomerations have emerged as the primary drivers of high-quality economic growth in China. While recent studies have examined the urban expansion patterns of individual cities, a comparative study of the urban expansion patterns of urban agglomerations at two different scales is required for a more comprehensive understanding. Thus, in this study, we conduct a two-scale comparative analysis of urban expansion patterns and their driving factors of the two largest urban agglomerations in western and central China, i.e., Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCUA) and the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomerations (MRYRUA) at both the urban agglomeration and city levels. We investigate the urban expansion patterns of CCUA and MRYRUA between 2000 and 2020 using various models, including the urban expansion rate, fractal dimension, modified compactness, and gravity-center method. Then we use multiple linear regression analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to explore the magnitude and geographical differentiation of influences for economic, demographic, industrial structure, environmental conditions, and neighborhood factors on urban expansion patterns. Our findings indicate that CCUA experienced significantly faster urban growth compared to MRYRUA. There is an excessive concentration of resources to megacities within the CCUA, whereas there is a lack of sufficient collaboration among the three provinces within the MRYRUA. Additionally, we identify significant differences in the impacts of driving forces of CCUA and MRYRUA, as well as spatial heterogeneity and regional aggregation in the variation of their strength. Our two-scale comparative study of urban expansion patterns will not only provide essential reference points for CCUA and MRYRUA but also serve as valuable insights for other urban agglomerations in China, enabling them to promote sustainable urban management and foster integrated regional development.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abd-Elmabod, S. K., Fitch, A. C., Zhang, Z., et al. (2019). Rapid urbanisation threatens fertile agricultural land and soil carbon in the Nile delta. Journal of Environmental Management, 252, 109668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109668
Al Rifat, S. A., & Liu, W. (2019). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and major explanatory factors of urban expansion in Miami metropolitan area during 1992–2016. Remote Sensing, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212493
Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., & Charlton, M. E. (1996). Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial nonstationarity. Geographical Analysis, 28, 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x
Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, S., & Charlton, M. (1998). Geographically weighted regression-modelling spatial non-stationarity. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician), 47(3), 431–443. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2988625
Camagni, R., Cristina, M., & Rigamonti, P. (2002). Urban Mobility and Urban Form: The Social and Environmental Costs of Different Patterns of Urban Expansion, 40, 199–216.
Cao, S., Hu, D., Hu, Z., et al. (2018). Comparison of spatial structures of urban agglomerations between the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Boswash based on the subpixel-level impervious surface coverage product. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28, 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1474-0
Chen, Q., Bi, Y., & Li, J. (2021a). Spatial disparity and influencing factors of coupling coordination development of economy–environment–tourism–traffic: A case study in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomerations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157947
Chen, W., Zhao, H., Li, J., et al. (2020). Land use transitions and the associated impacts on ecosystem services in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China based on the geo-informatic Tupu method. Science of the Total Environment, 701, 134690 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134690
Chen, Y., Lu, H., Yan, P., et al. (2022). Spatial-temporal collaborative relation among ecological footprint depth/size and economic development in Chengyu urban agglomeration. Science of the Total Environment, 812, 151510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151510
Chen, Y., Zhu, M., Zhou, Q., & Qiao, Y. (2021b). Research on spatiotemporal differentiation and influence mechanism of urban resilience in China based on MGWR model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031056
Cheng, F., Liu, S., Hou, X., et al. (2019). The effects of urbanization on ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation in southernmost Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29, 1159–1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1651-9
Cheng, J., & Zhou, J. (2015). Urban growth in a rapidly urbanized mega city: Wuhan. In: Singh RB (ed) Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities. Springer Japan, 301–322
Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
China Development Research Foundation. (2019). Report on the integration of urban agglomerations in China. [In Chinese]. https://www.cdrf.org.cn/ythpg.htm
Currit, N., & Easterling, W. E. (2009). Globalization and population drivers of rural-urban land-use change in Chihuahua, Mexico. Land Use Policy, 26, 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.08.001
Dai, X., Wang, L., Huang, C., et al. (2020). Spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem services in the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Ecological Indicators, 115:106394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106394
Daunt, A. B. P., Silva, T. S. F., Bürgi, M., & Hersperger, A. M. (2021). Urban expansion and forest reserves: Drivers of change and persistence on the coast of São Paulo State (Brazil). Land Use Policy, 101, 105189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105189
Dupras, J., & Alam, M. (2015). Urban sprawl and ecosystem services: A half century perspective in the Montreal area (Quebec, Canada). Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 17, 180–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2014.927755
Fan, C., Tian, L., Zhou, L., et al. (2018). Examining the impacts of urban form on air pollutant emissions: Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Management, 212, 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.001
Fang, C., Wang, S., & Li, G. (2015). Changing urban forms and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A case study of 30 provincial capital cities. Applied Energy, 158, 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.095
Fang, C., & Yu, D. (2017). Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 162, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.014
Fang, C., & Zhao, S. (2018). A comparative study of spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in six major cities of the Yangtze River Delta from 1980 to 2015. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 4, 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2018.1469960
Fei, W., & Zhao, S. (2019). Urban land expansion in China’s six megacities from 1978 to 2015. Science of the Total Environment, 664, 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.008
Feng, R., Wang, K., & Wang, F. (2022). Quantifying influences of administrative division adjustment on PM2.5 pollution in China’s mega-urban agglomerations. Journal of Environmental Management, 302, 113993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113993
Fragkias, M., & Seto, K. C. (2009). Evolving rank-size distributions of intra-metropolitan urban clusters in South China. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 33, 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2008.08.005
Furberg, D., & Ban, Y. (2012). Satellite monitoring of urban sprawl and assessment of its potential environmental impact in the Greater Toronto Area between 1985 and 2005. Environmental Management, 50, 1068–1088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9944-0
Giuliano, G., Kang, S., & Yuan, Q. (2019). Agglomeration economies and evolving urban form. The Annals of Regional Science, 63, 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-019-00957-4
Gudipudi, R., Rybski, D., Lüdeke, M. K. B., et al. (2019). The efficient, the intensive, and the productive: Insights from urban Kaya scaling. Applied Energy, 236, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.054
He, J., Li, C., Yu, Y., et al. (2017). Measuring urban spatial interaction in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration, Central China: A spatially explicit approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 569–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.04.014
He, Q., Zeng, C., Xie, P., et al. (2019). Comparison of urban growth patterns and changes between three urban agglomerations in China and three metropolises in the USA from 1995 to 2015. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101649
Huang, C., Zhuang, Q., Meng, X., et al. (2021). An improved nightlight threshold method for revealing the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving forces of urban expansion in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 289, 112574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112574
Huang, L., Shahtahmassebi, A. R., Gan, M., et al. (2020). Characterizing spatial patterns and driving forces of expansion and regeneration of industrial regions in the Hangzhou megacity, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.119959
Inostroza, L., Baur, R., & Csaplovics, E. (2013). Urban sprawl and fragmentation in Latin America: A dynamic quantification and characterization of spatial patterns. Journal of Environmental Management, 115, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.007
Kuang, W., Chi, W., Lu, D., & Dou, Y. (2014). A comparative analysis of megacity expansions in China and the U.S.: Patterns, rates and driving forces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 132, 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.015
Kuang, W., Liu, J., Dong, J., et al. (2016). The rapid and massive urban and industrial land expansions in China between 1990 and 2010: A CLUD-based analysis of their trajectories, patterns, and drivers. Landscape and Urban Planning, 145, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.10.001
Li, C., Li, J., & Wu, J. (2018a). What drives urban growth in China? A multi-scale comparative analysis. Applied Geography, 98, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.002
Li, F., Wang, R., Paulussen, J., & Liu, X. (2005). Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles: A case study in Beijing, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 72, 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.04.002
Li, G., & Li, F. (2019). Urban sprawl in China: Differences and socioeconomic drivers. Science of the Total Environment, 673, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.080
Li, G., Sun, S., & Fang, C. (2018b). The varying driving forces of urban expansion in China: Insights from a spatial-temporal analysis. Landscape and Urban Planning, 174, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.03.004
Li, S., He, Y., Xu, H., et al. (2021). Impacts of urban expansion forms on ecosystem services in urban agglomerations: A case study of Shanghai-Hangzhou bay urban agglomeration. Remote Sensing, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101908
Li, X., & Yeh, A. G. O. (2004). Analyzing spatial restructuring of land use patterns in a fast growing region using remote sensing and GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69, 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.033
Liu, J., Jiao, L., Zhang, B., et al. (2021). New indices to capture the evolution characteristics of urban expansion structure and form. Ecological Indicators, 122, 107302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107302
Liu, Y., Li, J., & Yang, Y. (2018a). Strategic adjustment of land use policy under the economic transformation. Land Use Policy, 74, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.005
Liu, Y., Song, Y., & Song, X. (2014). An empirical study on the relationship between urban compactness and CO2 efficiency in China. Habitat International, 41, 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.005
Liu, Y., Wu, J., Yu, D., & Ma, Q. (2018b). The relationship between urban form and air pollution depends on seasonality and city size. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 15554–15567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1743-6
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Kong, X., et al. (2018c). Identifying the relationship between urban land expansion and human activities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Applied Geography, 94, 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.03.016
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Pan, X., et al. (2020). The spatial integration and coordinated industrial development of urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Cities, 104, 102801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102801
Lu, D., Li, L., Li, G., et al. (2018). Examining spatial patterns of urban distribution and impacts of physical conditions on urbanization in coastal and inland metropoles. Remote Sensing, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071101
Lu, H., Zhang, C., Jiao, L., et al. (2022). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Analysis on the spatial-temporal evolution of urban agglomeration resilience : A case study in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 79, 103167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103167
Luan, W., & Li, X. (2021). Rapid urbanization and its driving mechanism in the Pan-Third Pole region. Science of The Total Environment, 750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141270
Ma, A., & Wu, Y. (2022). Total factor productivity of land urbanization under carbon emission constraints: A case study of Chengyu urban agglomeration in China. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.2013280
Ma, F., Wang, Z., Sun, Q., et al. (2020). Spatial-temporal evolution of urban resilience and its influencing factors: Evidence from the Guanzhong plain urban agglomeration. Sustain, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072593
Ma, M., Rozema, J., Gianoli, A., & Zhang, W. (2022). The impacts of city size and density on CO2 emissions: Evidence from the Yangtze River delta urban agglomeration. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 15, 529–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-021-09406-2
Mahtta, R., Fragkias, M., Güneralp, B., et al. (2022). Urban land expansion: The role of population and economic growth for 300+ cities. npj Urban Sustain, 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-022-00048-y
Meng, L., Sun, Y., & Zhao, S. (2020). Comparing the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion in Guangzhou and Shenzhen from 1975 to 2015: A case study of pioneer cities in China’s rapid urbanization. Land Use Policy, 97, 104753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104753
Mubareka, S., Koomen, E., Estreguil, C., & Lavalle, C. (2011). Development of a composite index of urban compactness for land use modelling applications. Landscape and Urban Planning, 103, 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.08.012
Muhammad, S., Pan, Y., Agha, M. H., et al. (2022). Industrial structure, energy intensity and environmental efficiency across developed and developing economies: The intermediary role of primary, secondary and tertiary industry. Energy, 247, 123576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123576
Normile, D. (2017). China’s living laboratory in urbanization. Science, (80- )319, 740–743.
O’Sullivan, D. (2003). Geographically weighted regression: The analysis of spatially varying relationships (review). Geographical Analysis, 35, 272–275. https://doi.org/10.1353/geo.2003.0008
Pandey, B., & Seto, K. C. (2015). Urbanization and agricultural land loss in India: Comparing satellite estimates with census data. Journal of Environmental Management, 148, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.014
Peng, J., Zhao, M., Guo, X., et al. (2017). Spatial-temporal dynamics and associated driving forces of urban ecological land: A case study in Shenzhen City, China. Habitat International, 60, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.005
Plieninger, T., Draux, H., Fagerholm, N., et al. (2016). The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence. Land Use Policy, 57, 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.040
Rifat, S. A. A., & Liu, W. (2019). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and major explanatory factors of urban expansion in Miami metropolitan area during 1992–2016. Remote Sensing, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212493
Santos, Y. L. F., Yanai, A. M., Ramos, C. J. P., et al. (2022). Amazon deforestation and urban expansion: Simulating future growth in the Manaus Metropolitan Region, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, 304, 114279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114279
Sheng, N., Tang, U. W., Grydehøj, A. (2017). Urban morphology and urban fragmentation in Macau, China: Island city development in the pearl river delta megacity region. Island Studies Journal, 12, 199–212. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.25
Shu, C., Xie, H., Jiang, J., & Chen, Q. (2018). Is urban land development driven by economic development or fiscal revenue stimuli in China? Land Use Policy, 77, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.031
Song, X., Liu, Y., Zhu, X., et al. (2022). The impacts of urban land expansion on ecosystem services in Wuhan, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 10635–10648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16419-4
Teaford, J. C. (2006). The metropolitan revolution: The rise of post-urban America. Columbia University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/teaf13372
United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2020). Unpacking the value of sustainable urbanization. In World Cities Report 2020 (pp. 43–74). United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/c41ab67e-en
Velázquez, J., Gutiérrez, J., Hernando, A., et al. (2018). Measuring mosaic diversity based on land use map in the region of Madrid, Spain. Land Use Policy, 71, 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.007
Villefranque, N., Hourdin, F., D’Alençon, L., et al. (2022). The “teapot in a city”: A paradigm shift in urban climate modeling. Science Advances, 8, eabp8934. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abp8934
Vohra, K., Marais, E. A., Bloss, W. J., et al. (2022). Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018. Science Advances, 8. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm4435
Wang, H., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30, 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1729-4
Wu, H., Fang, S., Zhang, C., et al. (2022). Exploring the impact of urban form on urban land use efficiency under low-carbon emission constraints: A case study in China’s Yellow River Basin. Journal of Environmental Management, 311, 114866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114866
Wu, Q., Zhang, X., Liu, C., & Chen, Z. (2018). The de-industrialization, re-suburbanization and health risks of brownfield land reuse: Case study of a toxic soil event in Changzhou, China. Land Use Policy, 74, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.039
Wu, R., Li, Z., & Wang, S. (2021). The varying driving forces of urban land expansion in China: Insights from a spatial-temporal analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 766, 142591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142591
Wu, W., Zhao, S., Zhu, C., & Jiang, J. (2015). A comparative study of urban expansion in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang over the past three decades. Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.010
Xia, C., Zhang, A., Wang, H., et al. (2019). Bidirectional urban flows in rapidly urbanizing metropolitan areas and their macro and micro impacts on urban growth: A case study of the Yangtze River middle reaches megalopolis, China. Land Use Policy, 82, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.007
Xu, F., Wang, Z., Chi, G., & Zhang, Z. (2020a). The impacts of population and agglomeration development on land use intensity: New evidence behind urbanization in China. Land Use Policy, 95, 104639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104639
Xu, G., Zhou, Z., Jiao, L., & Zhao, R. (2020b). Compact urban form and expansion pattern slow down the decline in urban densities: A global perspective. Land Use Policy, 94, 104563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104563
Xu, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., & Guo, X. (2020c). Evolution of the process of urban spatial and temporal patterns and its influencing factors in northeast China. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 146, 05020017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000606
Yang, K., Sun, W., Luo, Y., & Zhao, L. (2021). Impact of urban expansion on vegetation: The case of China (2000–2018). Journal of Environmental Management, 291, 112598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112598
Yang, X., & Sun, J. (2014). Research on the construction of the integration of Neijiang and Zigong as sub-centers in the Chengdu and Chongqing economic zone: From a perspective of symbiosis theory. Financial Economics, 91–99.
Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Du, G. (2018). Quantifying spatio-temporal patterns of urban expansion in Beijing during 1985–2013 with rural-urban development transformation. Land Use Policy, 74, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.004
Yin, C., Meng, F., Yang, X., et al. (2022). Spatio-temporal evolution of urban built-up areas and analysis of driving factors —A comparison of typical cities in north and south China. Land Use Policy, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106114
You, H., & Yang, X. (2017). Urban expansion in 30 megacities of China: Categorizing the driving force profiles to inform the urbanization policy. Land Use Policy, 68, 531–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.06.020
Yu, W., & Zhou, W. (2017). The spatiotemporal pattern of urban expansion in China: A comparison study of three urban megaregions. Remote Sensing, 9, 19–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010045
Yu, Z., Chen, L., Li, L., et al. (2021). Spatiotemporal characterization of the urban expansion patterns in the Yangtze River Delta region. Remote Sensing, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214484
Zachreson, C., Fair, K. M., Cliff, O. M., et al. (2018). Urbanization affects peak timing, prevalence, and bimodality of influenza pandemics in Australia: Results of a census-calibrated model. Science Advances, 4, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau5294
Zhang, H., Deng, W., Zhang, S., et al. (2022). Impacts of urbanization on ecosystem services in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration: Changes and trade-offs. Ecological Indicators, 139, 108920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108920
Zhang, J., Yu, L., Li, X., et al. (2020). Exploring annual urban expansions in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area: Spatiotemporal features and driving factors in 1986–2017. Remote Sensing, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12162615
Zhang, Q., & Su, S. (2016). Determinants of urban expansion and their relative importance: A comparative analysis of 30 major metropolitans in China. Habitat International, 58, 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.10.003
Zhang, X. R., & Dong, K. (2012). Neighborhood analysis-based calculation and analysis of multi-scales Relief Amplitude. Advances in Materials Research, 468–471, 2086–2089. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.468-471.2086
Zhang, Z., Shi, M., Chen, K. Z., et al. (2021). Water scarcity will constrain the formation of a world-class megalopolis in North China. npj Urban Sustainabilty, 1, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-020-00012-8
Zheng, Z., Qingyun, H. (2021). Spatio-temporal evaluation of the urban agglomeration expansion in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and its impact on ecological lands. Science of The Total Environment, 790, 148150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148150
Zhong, Y., Lin, A., He, L., et al. (2020). Spatiotemporal dynamics and driving forces of urban land-use expansion: A case study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Remote Sensing, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020287
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42371315, 41901213) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (Grant No. 2020CFB856).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Di Wu, Liang Zheng, and Ying Wang proposed conceptualization and methodology. Di Wu collected and organized datasets. Di Wu, Jian Gong, and Qian Chen ran models, analyzed the results, and were responsible for visualization. Di Wu and Ying Wang wrote the original draft. Liang Zheng, Ying Wang, Jian Gong, and Jiangfeng Li reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, D., Zheng, L., Wang, Y. et al. Urban expansion patterns and their driving forces analysis: a comparison between Chengdu-Chongqing and Middle Reaches of Yangtze River urban agglomerations. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1121 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11720-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11720-w