Abstract
The Paraná River is the sixth largest in the world, and the lower section of the river is one of the largest and most productive floodplain wetlands in South America. The alluvial plain is an important habitat for nursery and feeding areas for commercial fish; however, it has been heavily anthropized due to industries, agricultural activities, and the growth and expansion of metropolitan areas. The aim of this study was to determine element accumulation (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in young-of-the-year fish muscle from a floodplain lagoon of the lower Paraná River (Argentina) during summer and winter seasons, in relation with abiotic matrices (water and sediment). Four commercial fish species were assessed: sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus), boga (Megaleporinus obtusidens), dorado (Salminus brasiliensis), and pirapitá (Brycon orbignyanus). The concentrations of eight elements were detected by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In water samples, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Zn levels were under the permissible limits for aquatic biota protection in both seasons, except for Pb (> 1 μg L−1) and Cu (> 2 μg L−1). In sediment, the average concentrations of all elements were under the limits set by national and international regulatory authorities. Differences in elemental concentrations between species and seasons were found. In general, the levels of elements in water were higher in summer than in winter, while in sediment, the lowest concentrations of elements were detected during the summer. The order of element concentration in fish muscle was Cd (0.01–0.04 μg g−1) < As (0.02–0.16 μg g−1) < Pb (0.03–0.23 μg g−1) < Mn (0.77–4.32 μg g−1) < Cu (1.01–4.07 μg g−1) < Cr (1.09–4.30 μg g−1) < Zn (15.8–31.7 μg g −1) < Fe (12.6–49.7 μg g−1). The accumulation assessment showed that the four fish species significantly accumulate Cr, Cu and Zn, and As and Zn from water and sediment, respectively. The correlation analysis showed a relationship between fish size and As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations. Similarly, the highest values of element concentrations in muscle were detected during the summer when the fishes are early juveniles. The level of As, Cd, and Pb detected in B. orbignyanus, M. obtusidens, and P. lineatus juveniles suggested that these species had the potential to be used as biomarkers for assessing accumulation of toxic elements in the environment. Also, this study reveals that the accumulation patterns differ between size and fish species, which should be a considered insight at the moment of selecting a bioindicator to monitor pollution in the ecosystem.
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Data availability
The authors confirmed that the supporting data and the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials. Additional datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The writers express their sincere appreciation to the teams at the 3IA-UNSAM laboratory for their aid and technical assistance. The authors extend their gratitude to P. Tripodi, M. Bavio, and C. Bidone for their invaluable support in conducting ICP-MS measurements. The authors are also appreciative of the assistance provided by N. Yapura, a local fisherman, during the fieldwork.
Funding
This study received support from the University of Buenos Aires (UBACYT 20020190100069BA), the ANPCyT (PICT2019-03888), and the CONICET (PIP 11220200103264CO; P-UE 22920180100047CO).
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Sabina Llamazares Vegh has actively participated in the planning, execution, and analysis of the review paper. Also, Sabina Llamazares Vegh has done the literature search, data analysis, and drafting, whereas Fernanda Biolé performed data analysis, editing, and reviewing. Alejandra V. Volpedo revised all parts of the paper and critically restructured the write-up. All authors reviewed the manuscript and gave final approval for publication.
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During the sampling process, fish handling was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the ethical committee of the UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals (http://www.ufaw.org.uk). The collection of fish was authorized by the local Wildlife and Fisheries Authority’s guidelines and policies. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the instructions for authors and are aware that with minor exceptions, no changes can be made to authorship once the paper is submitted
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Llamazares Vegh, S., Biolé, F. & Volpedo, A.V. Essential and toxic elements in juvenile migratory commercial fish species in the Paraná River alluvial valley (South America): an approach for aquatic environmental monitoring. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1079 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11692-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11692-x