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A novel method for the remediation of wastewater containing acid red 131 dye using acoustic cavitation combined with sulphur-doped TiO2 and oxidants

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Abstract

The present study investigated the degradation of Acid Red 131 (AR131) dye using a combination of ultrasound-induced cavitation, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, chemical oxidants, and photocatalyst, focusing on the effect of operating parameters. It was established that acidic pH, higher input power, and lower initial concentration resulted in higher degradation. Sulphur-doped titanium dioxide (S-TiO2) synthesized using a novel ultrasound-assisted method showed an optimum dosage of 300 ppm for the AR131 degradation with sulphur to titanium ratio of 2:1. In the combination approach, the optimum dosage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium persulfate (KPS) was established as 100 ppm and 400 ppm respectively. The maximum degradation of 90.3% was obtained using a combined approach of US + KPS + UV/S-TiO2 whereas, a maximum synergetic coefficient of 1.57 was obtained for the approach of US + UV/S-TiO2 with degradation of 86.96%. It was also elucidated that for combination approaches of US + H2O2, US + H2O2 + KPS, and US + H2O2 + KPS + UV/S-TiO2, the synergetic coefficients were lower than one due to undesirable side reactions and radical scavenging. Scale-up studies performed at 15 times of the laboratory scale volume, elucidated that the maximum degradation was obtained as 58.01% for the approach of US + KPS + UV/S-TiO2. Therefore, the approach of US + KPS + UV/S-TiO2 was elucidated as the most efficient in degrading the AR131 dye at both small and large scale of operation. In terms of synergy, the approach of US + UV/S-TiO2 was more efficient. Overall, an optimized combination approach was successfully demonstrated for the effective degradation of AR131 dye with synergism and better results at a large scale.

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Funding

CA would like to acknowledge the funding from DST as a fellowship during the PhD degree. SD would like to acknowledge the funding of AICTE for fellowship during the Master’s degree.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 40019, India

    Subhamita Das, Chandrodai Agarkoti & Parag R. Gogate

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  1. Subhamita Das
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Contributions

Subhamita Das: Experimental methodology, Investigation, Writing the first draft. Chandrodai Agarkoti: Data Analysis, Review and Editing of draft. Parag R. Gogate: Supervision, Reviewed and Editing of draft.

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Correspondence to Parag R. Gogate.

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Appendices

Appendix A: Cavitational yield for the AR131 degradation using US horn

Volume = 200 mL

Time = 180 min

Optimum input power = 140 W

Duty cycle = 70%

Power dissipation per unit volume = 700 W/L

Energy dissipation per unit volume = (Power dissipation per unit volume × Time × Duty cycle)/100 = 5,292,000 J/L

AR131 degraded in 180 min for US + KPS + UV/S-TiO2 = (AR131 degradation (%) × Initial concentration)/100 = (90.29 × 25)/100 = 22.57 mg/L

Cavitational yield = AR131 degraded in 180 min / Energy dissipation per unit volume = 8.96 × 10–6 mg/J

Appendix B: Cavitational yield for the AR131 degradation using US reactor

Volume = 3000 mL

Time = 180 min

Optimum input power = 1000 W

Duty cycle = 70%

Power dissipation per unit volume = 333.33 W/L

Energy dissipation per unit volume = (Power dissipation per unit volume × Time × Duty cycle)/100 = 2,520,000 J/L

AR131 degraded in 180 min for US + KPS + UV/S-TiO2 = (AR131 degradation (%) × Initial concentration)/100 = (58.01 × 25)/100 = 14.50 mg/L

Cavitational yield = AR131 degraded in 180 min / Energy dissipation per unit volume = 5.75 × 10–6 mg/J

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Das, S., Agarkoti, C. & Gogate, P.R. A novel method for the remediation of wastewater containing acid red 131 dye using acoustic cavitation combined with sulphur-doped TiO2 and oxidants. Environ Monit Assess 195, 972 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11583-1

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