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Investigating heavy-metal soil contamination state on the rate of stomach cancer using remote sensing spectral features

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Abstract

Heavy metal (HM) contamination in agricultural soils has been a serious environmental and health problem in the past decades. High concentration of HM threatens human health and can be a risk factor for many diseases such as stomach cancer. In order to investigate the relationship between HM content and stomach cancer, the under-study area should be adequately large so that the possible relationship between soil contamination and the patients’ distribution can be studied. Examining soil content in a vast area with traditional techniques like field sampling is neither practical nor possible. However, integrating remote sensing imagery and spectrometry can provide an unexpensive and effective substitute for detecting HM in soil. To estimate the concentration of arsenic (As), chrome (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) in agricultural soil in parts of Golestan province with Hyperion image and soil samples, spectral transformations were used to preprocess and highlight spectral features, and Spearman’s correlation was calculated to select the best features for detecting each metal. The generalized regression neural network (GRNN) was trained with the chosen spectral features and metal containment, and the trained GRNN generated the pollution maps from the Hyperion image. Mean concentration of Cr, As, Fe, Ni, and Pb was estimated at 40.22, 11.8, 21,530.565, 39.86, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of As and Fe were near the standard limit and overlying the pollution maps, and patients’ distribution showed high concentrations of these metals can be considered as stomach cancer risk factors.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Mahmod Reza Sahebi, upon reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, ValiAsr Street, Mirdamad Cross, Tehran, 19967-15433, Iran

    Kimia Mohammadnezhad & Mahmod Reza Sahebi

  2. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Shariati Hospital, N. Kargar St, Tehran, 14117, Iran

    Sudabeh Alatab & Alireza Sajadi

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  1. Kimia Mohammadnezhad
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  2. Mahmod Reza Sahebi
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Contributions

Kimia Mohammadnezhad and Mahmod Reza Sahebi wrote the main manuscript with support from Sudabeh Alatab and Alireza Sajadi. Kimia Mohammadnezhad and Mahmod Reza Sahebi planned and carried out the simulations. Sudabeh Alatab and Alireza Sajadi verified the results related to stomach cancer. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mahmod Reza Sahebi.

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Mohammadnezhad, K., Sahebi, M.R., Alatab, S. et al. Investigating heavy-metal soil contamination state on the rate of stomach cancer using remote sensing spectral features. Environ Monit Assess 195, 583 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11234-5

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