Abstract
Many nations and ethnic groups from underdeveloped and developed countries have used insects as human food since ancient times, a practice that has continued into modern times. In many traditionally entomophagous countries, insects are not a “famine food,” and demand for edible insects is clearly a “food of choice” rather than a necessity. From a nutritional point of view, depending on the insect species, gender, insect’s diet, and seasons, some species of edible insects have significant amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrates, and vitamins, as well as minerals required for human health, thus representing an alternative food source. In addition to their nutritious content, they may also accumulate pesticide residues, microplastics, and heavy metals from their ecosystems. Therefore, this study analyses some mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Co, Cr, As, and Pb) contents of two selected commercialized aquatic edible beetles, Dytiscus marginalis and Cybister tripunctatus (Dytiscidae), via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and reviews the contemporary list of aquatic edible beetles of the world, summarizing the nutritional characteristics of water beetles with a synthesis of the risks and benefits of edible aquatic beetles in recent literature. The mineral composition of the aquatic beetles is briefly discussed. Antinutritional elements (Pb and As) were detected in aquatic insects, but their contents are below toxic levels for humans. A list of 92 edible aquatic beetle species from Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Elmidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae, Haliplidae, and Noteridae (Coleoptera) was compiled and updated.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Arnold, A., Murphy, J. F., Pretty, J. L., Duerdoth, C. P., Smith, B. D., Rainbow, P. S., Spencer, K. L., Collins, A. L., & Jones, J. I. (2021). Accumulation of trace metals in freshwater macroinvertebrates across metal contamination gradients. Environmental Pollution, 276, 116721.
Aydoğan, Z., Gürol, A., & İncekara, Ü. (2016). The investigation of heavy element accumulation in some Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera) species. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(4), 1–8.
Aydoğan, Z., İncekara, Ü., & Gürol, A. (2018). Preliminary study on edible insect species Cybister limbatus (Fabricius 1775) and its heavy element contents. Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(1), 94–99.
Aydoğan, Z., İncekara, Ü., Gürol, A., & Darilmaz, M. (2020). Measurement of heavy metals/metalloids levels with using Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) species, collected from six different cities of Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(3), 1559–1565.
Beauchemin, D. (2008). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 80(12), 4455–4486.
Choudhury, K., Sarma, D., Sapruna, P. J., & Soren, A. D. (2020). Proximate and mineral compositions of Samia cynthia ricini and Dytiscus marginalis, commonly consumed by the Bodo tribe in Assam, India. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00411-y
Chutia, J., Sonowal, J., Pegu, B. K., & Kardong, D. (2021). Evaluation of proximate and heavy metals in twelve edible freshwater macroinvertebrates of Poba Reserve Forest Assam India. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 17(4), 819–829.
Das, J. (2019). Quantitative analysis of macronutrients and mineral composition in larvae and adult stage of Hydrophilus olivaceus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), an aquatic insect, consumed in Assam, India. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 8(7), 7822–7826. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2019.0807037
Das, J., & Hazarika, A. K. (2019). Macronutrient and mineral content of edible Coleopteran with reference to the Baksa district, India. Clarion: International Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(2).
Fontaneto, D., Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M., Galli, C., Rise, P., Glew, R. H., & Paoletti, M. G. (2011). Differences in fatty acid composition between aquatic and terrestrial insects used as food in human nutrition. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 50(4), 351–367.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2012). Assessing the potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Presented at Technical consultation meeting, 23–25 January, Rome, Italy.
Ganguly, S., Neog, P., Gogoi, M., Bordoloi, P. L., & Para, P. A. (2018). Edible insects as sources of novel bioactive compounds. Recent Research Trends in Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, AkiNik Publications, Delhi, India. pp. 55–69.
Grabowski, N. T., Tchibozo, S., Abdulmawjood, A., Acheuk, F., M’Saad Guerfali, M., Sayed, W. A., & Plötz, M. (2020). Edible insects in Africa in terms of food, wildlife resource, and pest management legislation. Foods, 9(4), 502.
Hanboonsong, Y. (2010). Edible insects and associated food habits in Thailand. Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back, 173, 182.
Jäch, M. A. (2003). Fried water beetles, Cantonese style. American Entomologist, 49(1), 34–37.
JinDi, W., ChengYe, W., Min, Z., Zhao, H., Long, S., & Ying, F. (2019). Contents of mercury and selenium in common edible and medicinal insects in Yunnan and their correlation analysis. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 34(6), 1033–1040.
Jongema, Y. (2017). Worldwide list of recorded edible insects. Retrieved July 27, 2021, from https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Chair-groups/Plant-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Entomology/Edible-insects/Worldwide-species-list.htm
Karaman, R. (2019) Geçmişten Günümüze Gastronomi Trendleri: Potansiyel Yerli Turistlerin Yenilebilir Böcekler Akimina Yönelik Algilarinin Ölçülmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Balıkesir.
Koroiva, R., & Pepinelli, M. (2019). Distribution and habitats of aquatic insects. Aquatic Insects (pp. 11–33). Springer.
Lichtenstein, A. H., & Jones, P. J. H. (2012). Lipids: Absorption and transport. In J. W. Erdman, I. A. Macdonald, & S. H. Zeisel (Eds.), Present Knowledge in Nutrition (pp. 118–131). Wiley-Blackwell.
Macadam, C. R., & Stockan, J. A. (2017). The diversity of aquatic insects used as human food. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 3(3), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0046
Melo-Ruíz, V., Moreno-Bonett, C., Sánchez-Herrera, K., Díaz-García, R., & Gazga-Urioste, C. (2016). Macronutrient composition of giant water bug (Lethocerus sp.) edible insect in Mexico and Thailand. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 6(5).
Mitsuhashi, J. (2016). Edible insects of the world. pp. 274. CRC press, Boca Raton.
Mozhui, L., Kakati, L. N., Kiewhuo, P., & Changkija, S. (2020). Traditional knowledge of the utilization of edible insects in Nagaland North-East India. Foods, 9(7), 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9070852
Nilsson, A. N. (1998). Dytiscidae: V. The genus Platynectes Regimbart in China, with a revision of the dissimilis-complex (Coleoptera). Water Beetles of China, 2, 107–121.
Payne, C. L. R., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M., & Nonaka, K. (2016). Are edible insects more or less ‘healthy’than commonly consumed meats? A comparison using two nutrient profiling models developed to combat over-and undernutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3), 285–291.
Paz, S., Rubio, C., Frías, I., Gutiérrez, Á. J., González-Weller, D., Martín, V., Revert, C., & Hardisson, A. (2019). Toxic metals (Al, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the most consumed edible seaweeds in Europe. Chemosphere, 218, 879–884.
Ponce-Reyes, R., & Lessard, B. D. (2021). Edible insects - A roadmap for the strategic growth of an emerging Australian industry. CSIRO.
Rahaman, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Mise, N., Sikder, M. T., Ichihara, G., Uddin, M. K., Kurasaki, M., & Ichihara, S. (2021). Environmental arsenic exposure and its contribution to human diseases, toxicity mechanism and management. Environmental Pollution, 289, 117940.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., & Pino., J. M. (1989). Los insectos comestibles en el México antiguo: estudio etnoentomológico.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Moreno, J. M. P., & Camacho, V. H. M. (2009). Edible aquatic Coleoptera of the world with an emphasis on Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5(11), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-11
Randrianandrasana, M., & Berenbaum, M. R. (2015). Edible non-crustacean arthropods in rural communities of Madagascar. Journal of Ethnobiology, 35(2), 354–383. https://doi.org/10.2993/etbi-35-02-354-383.1
RDA. (Dietary Reference Intakes). Retrieved July 21, 2022, from file: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/nutrition/dri_tables-eng.pdf
Rumpold, B. A., & Schlüter, O. K. (2013). Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 57(5), 802–823. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200735
Shantibala, T., Lokeshwari, R. K., & Debaraj, H. (2014). Nutritional and antinutritional composition of the five species of aquatic edible insects consumed in Manipur, India. Journal of Insect Science, 14(1).
Short, A. E. Z. (2018). Systematics of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera): Current state and future directions. Systematic Entomology, 43, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12270
Singh, M. O. K., & Babu, S. (2021). Cultural entomology and edible insect diversity in a wetland ecosystem: A case study from the Loushi pat basin Manipur. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 20(1), 1–11.
Sutton, M. Q. (1995). Archaeological aspects of insect use. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2(3), 253–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229009
Wielkopolan, B., Jakubowska, M., & Obrępalska-Stęplowska, A. (2021). Beetles as plant pathogen vectors. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 748093. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.748093
Williams, D. D., & Williams, S. S. (2017). Aquatic insects and their potential to contribute to the diet of the globally expanding human population. InSects, 8(3), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8030072
Van Huis, A. (2020). Insects as food and feed, a new emerging agricultural sector: A review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 6(1), 27–44.
Yang, L. F., Siriamornpun, S., & Duo, L. (2006). Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand. Journal of Food Lipids, 13(3), 277–285.
Yüksel, E., & Canhilal, R. (2018). A survey of public opinion about entomophagy in Erciyes University. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science (IJAWS), 4(2), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.440555
Zhao, M., Wang, C. Y., Sun, L., He, Z., Yang, P. L., Liao, H. J., & Feng, Y. (2021). Edible aquatic insects: Diversities, nutrition, and safety. Foods, 10(12), 3033, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123033
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino, J. M., Márquez, C., Rincón, F., Alvarado, M., Escamilla, E., & Bourges, H. (1984). Protein content of some edible insects in Mexico. J. Ethnobiol, 4(1), 61-72. Retrieved May 5, 1984 from https://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/4-1/Conconietal1984.pdf
Ramos-Elorduy, J. (2004). La etnoentomologia en la alimentacion, la medicina y el reciclaje. In: Llorente JB, Morrone J, Yanez OO, Vargas IF (eds) Biodiversidad, taxonomia y biogeografia de artropodos de Mexico: hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento, vol 4. National University Press, Mexico City, pp 329–413. Available at: https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/publicaciones/librosDig/pdf/Artropodos%20IV_4.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This is a single-author paper. Zeynep Aydoğan performed the element analysis via the EAHTARC, drafted the article, and revised the literature critically. The author confirms the sole responsibility for design, literature collection, interpretation, and manuscript preparation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
I hereby affirm that the content of this manuscript is original. Furthermore, it has been neither published elsewhere fully or partially nor, in any language, nor submitted for publication (fully or partially) elsewhere simultaneously. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. The author has read, understood, and has complied, as applicable, with the statement on “ethical responsibilities of authors” as found in the instructions for authors and is aware that, with minor exceptions, no changes can be made to authorship once the paper is submitted.
Consent to participate
The manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue thus, it does not need to “consent to participate.”
Consent for publication
The manuscript does not contain data from any individual person; therefore, it does not need “consent for publication.”
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Aydoğan, Z. Determination of selected elements in two commercially available edible aquatic insects (Coleoptera) and their worldwide updated list. Environ Monit Assess 195, 249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10861-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10861-8