Abstract
The United Nation’s sustainable development goal is to achieve zero hunger by 2030 and achieve food security throughout the world. In this context, we analyze the anthropogenic factors such as land use and land cover change, waterlogging, and soil salinity which combinedly affecting the agricultural sustainability and threatening the food security in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. Landsat satellite images from 1991 to 2021 were used to detect the changes and identify how anthropogenic activities have altered the land cover and land use and impede the sustainability of agriculture. Terra MODIS vegetation indices from 2000 to 2020 were used to detect waterlogging. Soil salinity was measured from the soil samples and vegetation soil salinity index (VSSI) from Landsat images. Findings of the study revealed that agricultural lands have decreased because of an increase in shrimp farming. Waterlogging and soil salinity are increasing due to increased shrimp farms also for poor drainage infrastructure and human modification. The area of agricultural land in 2011 was 19,657.12 acres,12,750.14 acres, and 38,774.70 acres in Keshabpur, Abhaynagar, and Manirampur, which changed to 12,668.70 acres (−36%), 7151.27 acres (−44%), and 32,809.30 acres (−16%) in 2021. Our hotspot analysis reveals that very high vulnerability to waterlogging due to floods was highest in Manirampur (15,464.09 acres). Finally, we proposed a new framework called IDCEM designed for monitoring land-use change, salinity, and waterlogging in the interior coast, which will indirectly help to promote food security and help in achieving sustainable development goal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The datasets of the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Ahmad, H. (2019). Bangladesh coastal zone management status and future trends. Journal of Coastal Zone Management. Retrieved December 17, 2021, from https://www.longdom.org/open-access/bangladesh-coastal-zone-management-status-and-future-trends-18228.html
Alam, M. Z., Carpenter-Boggs, L., Mitra, S., Haque, M. M., Halsey, J., Rokonuzzaman, M., Saha, B., & Moniruzzaman, M. (2017). Effect of salinity intrusion on food crops, livestock, and fish species at Kalapara coastal belt in Bangladesh. Journal of Food Quality, 2017, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2045157
Ambinakudige, S. (2009). The Global Coffee Crisis and Indian Farmers: The Livelihood Vulnerabilities of Smallholders. Canadian Journal of Development Studies., 28, 3–4.
Ambinakudige, S. (2020). Future coastal population and ecosystem exposure to sea level rise along the European coastline. European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2020.1.5.80
Amer, R. (2021). Spatial relationship between irrigation water salinity, waterlogging, and cropland degradation in the arid and semi-arid environments. Remote Sensing, 13(6), 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061047
Baten, M. A., Seal, L., & Lisa, K. S. (2015). Salinity intrusion in interior coast of Bangladesh: Challenges to agriculture in south-central coastal zone. American Journal of Climate Change, 04(03), 248–262. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2015.43020
Bhattacharjee, S., Islam, M. T., Kabir, M. E., & Kabir, M. M. (2021). Land-use and land-cover change detection in a north-eastern wetland ecosystem of Bangladesh using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Earth Systems and Environment, 5(2), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00228-3
Carcedo, A. J. P., Bastos, L. M., Yadav, S., Mondal, M. K., Jagadish, S. V. K., Kamal, F. A., Sutradhar, A., Prasad, P. V. V., & Ciampitti, I. (2022). Assessing impact of salinity and climate scenarios on dry season field crops in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Agricultural Systems, 200, 103428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103428
Cox, L., Hansen, V., Andrews, J., Thomas, J., Heilke, I., Nick, F. T., & Walton, B. (2013). Land use: A powerful determinant of sustainable & healthy communities. SHC Land Use Planning. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/201609/documents/fy13productnheerl4121land_use_synthesis.pdf
Dasgupta, S., et al. (2014). Climate change, soil salinity, and the economics of high-yield rice production in coastal Bangladesh (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. WPS 7140. Retrieved November 13, 2021, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/131161468004833954/
Datta, K. K., & Jong, C. (2002). Adverse effect of waterlogging and soil salinity on crop and land productivity in northwest region of Haryana, India. Agricultural Water Management, 57(3), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(02)00058-6
Emmanuel, T. A., & Ejar, S. P. (2013). Dynamics of land use/land cover changes and its implication on food security in Anyigba, North Central, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 7, 72–83.
Faisal, I. M., & Parveen, S. (2004). Food security in the face of climate change, population growth, and resource constraints: Implications for Bangladesh. Environmental Management, 34(4), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-3066-7
FAO. (2017). An assessment of impacts from shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh and prospect for improvement. FAO. Retrieved December 19, 2021, from https://www.fao.org/3/i8064en/i8064en.pdf
FAO. (2021). The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved September 29, 2021, from http://www.fao.org/home/en/
Fasona, M., & Omojola, A. (2009). Land cover change and land degradation in parts of the southwest coast of Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, 47, 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01047.x
Haque, M. I., & Basak, R. (2017). Land cover change detection using GIS and remote sensing techniques: A spatio-temporal study on TanguarHaor, Sunamganj, Bangladesh. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 20(2), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.12.003
Hassan, R., Ahmed, Z., Islam, M. T., Alam, R., & Xie, Z. (2021). Soil salinity detection using salinity indices from Landsat 8 satellite image at Rampal. Remote Sensing in Earth Systems Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41976-020-00041-y
Hensler, L. (2013). A sustainable future for shrimp production in Bangladesh? (p. 19). SEAT - Sustaining ethical aquaculture trade. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from http://seatglobal.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/A-Sustainable-Future-for-Bangladeshi-Shrimp.pdf
(2021, November). https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/data/get-started-data/collection-overview/missions/modis-overview/
(2021, November). https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/bangladesh-grain-and-feed-update-22
(2019). https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bhobodoho-water-logging
(2021, November). https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/mod13
(2021, November). https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/
Islam, M. S., Okubo, K., Islam, A. H., & Sato, M. (2021). Investigating the effect of climate change on food loss and food security in Bangladesh. SN Business & Economics, 2(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00177-z
Jawak, S. D., & Luis, A. J. (2013). A spectral index ratio-based Antarctic land-cover mapping using hyperspatial 8-band worldview-2 imagery. Polar Science, 7(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2012.12.002
Jones, A. D. (2017). Critical Review of the emerging research evidence on agricultural biodiversity, diet diversity, and nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries. Nutrition Reviews, 75(10), 769–782. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux040
Kabir, M. H., & Eva, I. J. (2014). Ecological consequences of shrimp farming in Southwestern Satkhira District of Bangladesh. Austin Journal of Earth Science, 1, 1–7.
Kahlown, M. A., & Azam, M. (2002). Individual and combined effect of waterlogging and salinity on crop yields in the Indus Basin. Irrigation and Drainage, 51(4), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.62
Khan, M. M., & Azad, M. A. (2014). The nexus between local politics and salinity intrusion in coastal area of Bangladesh: Unveiling the development myth. Global Journal of Sociology, 4(2), 29–40.
Khan, S., Rana, T., Hanjra, M. A., & Robinson, D. (2011). Decision support model for water policy in the presence of waterlogging and salinity. Water Policy, 13(2), 187–207.
Khan, M. M., Bryceson, I., Kolivras, K. N., Faruque, F., Rahman, M. M., & Haque, U. (2014). Natural disasters and land-use/land-cover change in the southwest coastal areas of Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change, 15(2), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0642-8
Khanom, T. (2016). Effect of salinity on food security in the context of interior coast of Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management, 130, 205–212.
Kumar, P., & Sharma, P. K. (2020). Soil Salinity and food security in India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 533781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.533781
Kumar, S., & Parida, B. R. (2021). Hydroponic farming hotspot analysis using the Getis–Ordgi* statistic and high-resolution satellite data of Majuli Island, India. Remote Sensing Letters, 12(4), 408–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704x.2021.1895446
Lam, Y., Winch, P. J., Nizame, F. A., Broaddus-Shea, E. T., Harun, M. G., & Surkan, P. J. (2021). Salinity and food security in southwest coastal Bangladesh: Impacts on household food production and strategies for adaptation. Food Security. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01177-5
Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Geist, H. J., Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J. W., & Folke, C. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change, 11(4), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00007-3
Lázár, A. N., Nicholls, R. J., Hall, J. W., Barbour, E. J., & Haque, A. (2020). Contrasting development trajectories for coastal Bangladesh to the end of century. Regional Environmental Change, 20(3), 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01681-y
Le Mouël, C., Lattre-Gasquet, D., & Mora, O. (2018). Land use and food security in 2050: a narrow road. éditionsQuae.
Lo, K., & Gunasiri, C. (2014). Impact of coastal land use change on shoreline dynamics in Yunlin County, Taiwan. Environments, 1(2), 124–136. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1020124
Mahmuduzzaman, M., Ahmed, Z. U., Nuruzzaman, A., & Ahmed, F. R. S. (2014). Causes of salinity intrusion in coastal belt of Bangladesh. International Journal of Plant Research, 4(4A), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.5923/s.plant.201401.02
Manik, S., Pengilley, G., Dean, G., Field, B., Shabala, S., & Zhou, M. (2019). Soil and crop management practices to minimize the impact of waterlogging on crop productivity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 140.
Mazumdar, J., & Paul, S. K. (2018). A spatially explicit method for identification of vulnerable hotspots of Odisha, India from Potential Cyclones. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.001
Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E. F., Erb, K.-H., & Hertel, T. W. (2013). Globalization of land use: Distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(5), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.04.003
Miah, M. Y., Uddin, M. Z., Salam, M. A., & Islam, M. S. (2020). Impact of salinity intrusion on agriculture of Southwest Bangladesh-A review. International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, 8(2), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.15739/IJAPR.20.005
Mimura, N. (2013). Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for Society. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 89(7), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.281
Mondal, M. S., Jalal, M. R., Khan, M. S., Kumar, U., Rahman, R., & Huq, H. (2013). Hydro-meteorological trends in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh: Perspectives of Climate Change and human interventions. American Journal of Climate Change, 02(01), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2013.21007
Morshed, M. M., Islam, M. S., Lohano, H. D., & Shyamsundar, P. (2020). Production externalities of shrimp aquaculture on paddy farming in coastal Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 238, 106213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106213
Mukhopadhyay, A., Hornby, D. D., Hutton, C. W., Lázár, A. N., Amoako Johnson, F., & Ghosh, T. (2018). Land cover and land use analysis in coastal Bangladesh. Ecosystem Services for Well-Being in Deltas (pp. 367–381). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71093-8_20
Palchaudhuri, M., & Biswas, S. (2020). Application of liss III and Modis-derived vegetation indices for assessment of micro-level agricultural drought. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 23(2), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2019.12.004
Parven, A., Pal, I., Witayangkurn, A., Pramanik, M., Nagai, M., Miyazaki, H., & Wuthisakkaroon, C. (2022). Impacts of disaster and land-use change on food security and adaptation: Evidence from the Delta Community in Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 78, 103119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103119
Penning-Rowsell, E. C., Sultana, P., & Thompson, P. M. (2013). The ‘last resort’? population movement in response to climate-related hazards in Bangladesh. Environmental Science & Policy, 27, S44–S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.009
Qadir, M., Quillérou, E., Nangia, V., Murtaza, G., Singh, M., Thomas, R. J., Drechsel, P., & Noble, A. D. (2014). Economics of salt-induced land degradation and restoration. Natural Resources Forum, 38(4), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12054
Rabbani, G., & Huq, S. (2011). Adaptafion technologies in agriculture: The economics of rice-farming technology in climate-vulnerable areas of Bangladesh. Technologies for Adaptation-Perspectives and Practical Experiences, 97, 1031198.
Rahman, M. R., Ando, K., & Takeda, S. (2013). Effect of shrimp-based cropping systems on salinity and soil fertility in a coastal area of Bangladesh: A village-level study. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(11), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n11p1
Rahman, M. R., & Begum, S. (2013). Land cover change analysis around the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh using remote sensing and GIS application. Journal of Science Foundation, 9(1–2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14652
Rahman, M. T., Tabassum, F., Rasheduzzaman, M., Saba, H., Sarkar, L., Ferdous, J., Uddin, S. Z., & Zahedul Islam, A. Z. (2017a). Temporal dynamics of land use/land cover change and its prediction using CA-ann model for southwestern coastal Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(11), 565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6272-0
Rahman, S., Sarker, M. R., & Mia, M. Y. (2017b). Spatial and temporal variation of soil and water salinity in the south-western and south-central coastal region of Bangladesh. Irrigation and Drainage, 66(5), 854–871. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2149
Swapan, M. S., & Gavin, M. (2011). A desert in the Delta: Participatory assessment of changing livelihoods induced by commercial shrimp farming in southwest Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management, 54(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.011
Sreenivas, K., Dwivedi, R. S., Singh, A. N., & Raviprakash, S. (2010). Detection of sub-surface waterlogging using terra-1 Modis Data. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 38(1), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-010-0003-0
Singh, A. (2015). Soil salinization and waterlogging: A threat to environment and agricultural sustainability. Ecological Indicators, 57, 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.04.027
Singh, A. (2017). Waterlogging and salinity management for sustainable irrigated agriculture. II: Engineering measures and Biodrainage. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(9), 04017036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001227
Singh, A. (2021). Soil salinization management for sustainable development: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 277, 111383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111383
Shrivastava, P., & Kumar, R. (2015). Soil Salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.001
Talchabhadel, R., Kawaike, K., & Nakagawa, H. (2021). Temporary de-poldering for a long term flood/sediment management in the southwestern Bangladesh. River Basin Management - Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95265
Tareq, S. M., Tauhid Ur Rahman, M., Zahedul Islam, A. Z., Baddruzzaman, A. B., & Ashraf Ali, M. (2018). Evaluation of climate-induced waterlogging hazards in the south-west coast of Bangladesh using Geoinformatics. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(4), 230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6591-9
Tran, D., Xu, D., Dang, V., & Alwah, A. A. Q. (2020). Predicting urban waterlogging risks by regression models and internet open-data sources. Water, 12(3), 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030879
Tüshaus, J., Dubovyk, O., Khamzina, A., & Menz, G. (2014). Comparison of medium spatial resolution Envisat-Meris and Terra-modis time series for vegetation decline analysis: A case study in Central Asia. Remote Sensing, 6(6), 5238–5256. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6065238
Waheduzzaman, M., & Mizanuzzaman, M. (2021). Impact of salinity on the livelihoods of the coastal people in Bangladesh: An assessment on post amphan situation. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 11(4), 6–24.
Xiao, F., Li, Y. Z., Du, Y., Ling, F., Yan, Y., Feng, Q., & Ban, X. (2014). Monitoring perennial sub-surface waterlogged croplands based on Modis in Jianghan Plain, middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(8), 1791–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(13)60563-8
Xu, X., Shrestha, S., Gilani, H., Gumma, M. K., Siddiqui, B. N., & Jain, A. K. (2020). Dynamics and drivers of land use and land cover changes in Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change, 20(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01650-5
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ZA conceptualized and contributed to the preliminary concept of the study under the supervision of SA. ZA collected the primary data and completed all investigations, formal analysis, and statistical analysis. ZA drafted the initial draft copy of the manuscript after that SA completed all necessary revisions and editing in the manuscript. Finally, ZA and SA approved this final version.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
This manuscript does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent to participate
This study is not associated with any type of survey or interview; for this reason consent to participate is not applicable.
Consent for publication
This study is not associated with any type of survey or interview; for this reason consent to publish is not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmed, Z., Ambinakudige, S. Does land use change, waterlogging, and salinity impact on sustainability of agriculture and food security? Evidence from southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess 195, 74 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10673-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10673-w