Abstract
This study is an attempt to develop a liquid coagulant using fly ash (FAC) for removing natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking water systems. Acid–alkali leaching and polymerization technique was used for developing FAC. Characterization of FAC was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FESEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess the surface morphology and functional groups present. FE SEM analysis revealed uneven, coarse, and irregular structure with numerous pores, an indicative of their high adsorption capacity. XRD study revealed that Al, Fe, and Si are the major constituent group of FAC. FAC demonstrated excellent potential in removing THMs precursors: dissolved organic carbon (84.46%), UV254 (90.57%), and turbidity (96.85%) from the drinking water systems. Charge neutralization followed by adsorption is the main mechanism behind NOM removal. Moreover, FAC also showed good capability in minimizing the reactivity of NOM (ASI—72.86%) towards THM formation. FAC proved to be a good alternative for conventional coagulant used in drinking water treatment and can be effectively used for reducing NOM content of raw water which leads to the formation of THMs on chlorination.
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Abbreviations
- NOM:
-
Natural organic matter
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- THMs:
-
Trihalomethanes
- FAC:
-
Fly-ash-based liquid coagulant
- FESEM:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- ASI:
-
Absorption slope index
- PAC:
-
Poly-aluminium chloride
- PFS:
-
Poly ferric sulfate
- DWTPs:
-
Drinking water treatment plants
- BWTP:
-
Belatand water treatment plant
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the financial support received for the research project (MDWS/2015-16/453/ESE) from the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MHRD), Government of India, New Delhi, and Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, for carrying out this study.
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Ashok Kumar: data curation, investigation, formal analysis, roles/writing—original draft; Minashree Kumari: methodology, software, validation, visualization, writing—review and editing; Sunil Kumar Gupta: conceptualization, visualization, supervision.
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Kumar, A., Kumari, M. & Gupta, S.K. Performance study of fly-ash-derived coagulant in removing natural organic matter from drinking water: synthesis, characterization, and modelling. Environ Monit Assess 194, 821 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10472-3
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Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10472-3