Abstract
This research paper examines the exposure to particulate matter (PM) and its deposition on the human respiratory tract (HRT) in 12 critical urban zones — institutional zone, commercial zone, construction zone, hospital zone, landfill zone, industrial zone, residential zone, high-traffic zone, main roads, medium-traffic zone secondary roads, low-traffic zone, coastal zone, and environmentally sensitive zone. This study measured the size-segregated PM concentrations using a Grimm aerosol spectrometer. The multiple-path particle dosimetry model assesses particles’ total and regional deposition mass rates for different urban zones. A stochastic model of the 60th percentile is used to illustrate the deposition of PM in the human lung. The deposition rate of PM in the HRT is examined for the different urban zones from different emission sources. The analysis shows that the PM concentration in zone V (dumpsite zone) is at an elevated level (i.e., PM10 = 570.4 µg/m3, PM2.5 = 128.3 µg/m3, and PM1 = 28.1 µg/m3) and lowest at zone XII (eco-sensitive zone) (i.e., PM10 = 25.1 µg/m3, PM2.5 = 1 6.9 µg/m3, and PM1 = 14.8 µg/m3). Further, dumpsite, commercial, and eco-sensitive zones are identified to be critical zones that influence higher deposition in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions. The investigation concludes that local turbulence and emission source significantly impacts air quality and deposition of PM at HRT. In addition, as the PM diameter decreases, the acidity of PM increases, and it can penetrate deep into the lower airways. Since this can have profound consequences, it is imperative to better understand the deposition of PM across various urban zones.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abernathy, C. O., Thomas, D. J., & Calderon, R. L. (2003). Toxicity and risk assessment of trace elements. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(10), 1536S-1538S.
Asgharian, B., Hofmann, W., & Bergmann, R. (2001). Particle deposition in a multiple-path model of the human lung. Aerosol Science and Technology, 34(4), 332–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820119122
Bathmanabhan, S., Nagendra, S., & Madanayak, S. (2010). Atmospheric pollution research and PM1 emissions from the heterogeneous traffic near an urban roadway. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 1(3), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.024
Belis, C. A., Karagulian, F., Larsen, B. R., & Hopke, P. K. (2013). Critical review and meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 69, 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.009
Cetin, M., & Sevik, H. (2016). Change of air quality in Kastamonu city in terms of particulate matter and CO2 amount. Oxidation Communications, 39(4–II), 3394–3401.
Cetin, M., Onac, A. K., Sevik, H., & Sen, B. (2019). Temporal and regional change of some air pollution parameters in Bursa. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 12(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-00657-6
Chen, Y., Yang, Q., Krewski, D., Shi, Y., Burnett, R. T., & McGrail, K. (2004). Influence of relatively low level of particulate air pollution on hospitalization for COPD in elderly people. Inhalation Toxicology, 16(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370490258129
Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., et al. (2017). Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet, 389(10082), 1907–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6
D’Amato, G., Cecchi, L., D’Amato, M., & Liccardi, G. (2010). Urban air pollution and climate change as environmental risk factors of respiratory allergy: An update. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 20(2), 95–102.
De Hartog, J. J., Ayres, J. G., Karakatsani, A., Analitis, A., Ten Brink, H., Hameri, K., et al. (2010). Lung function and indicators of exposure to indoor and outdoor particulate matter among asthma and COPD patients. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 67(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2008.040857
Deshmukh, D. K., Deb, M. K., & Mkoma, S. L. (2013). Size distribution and seasonal variation of size-segregated particulate matter in the ambient air of Raipur city, India. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 6(1), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-011-0169-9
George, K. V., Patil, D. D., Anil, M. N. V., Kamal, N., Alappat, B. J., & Kumar, P. (2017). Evaluation of coarse and fine particles in diverse Indian environments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8049-3
Gokhale, S. B., & Patil, R. S. (2004). Size distribution of aerosols (PM10) and lead (Pb) near traffic intersections in Mumbai (India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 95(1–3), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000029911.81865.b6
Guttikunda, S., & Jawahar, P. (2012). Simple interactive models for better air quality urban air pollution & co‐benefits analysis for Indian cities. SIM-air Working Paper Series: 39–2012, 23.
Hofmann, W. (2011). Modelling inhaled particle deposition in the human lung—A review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 42(10), 693–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.05.007
Izhar, S., Rajput, P., & Gupta, T. (2018). Variation of particle number and mass concentration and associated mass deposition during Diwali festival. Urban Climate, 24, 1027–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.005
Jain, S., & Barthwal, V. (2022). Health impact assessment of auto rickshaw and cab drivers due to exposure to vehicular pollution in Delhi: An integrated approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(4), 5124–5133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16058-9
Karagulian, F., Belis, C. A., Dora, C. F. C., Prüss-Ustün, A. M., Bonjour, S., Adair-Rohani, H., & Amann, M. (2015). Contributions to cities’ ambient particulate matter (PM): A systematic review of local source contributions at global level. Atmospheric Environment, 120, 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.087
Kaur, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Colvile, R. (2005). Personal exposure of street canyon intersection users to PM2.5, ultrafine particle counts and carbon monoxide in Central London, UK. Atmospheric Environment, 39(20), 3629–3641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.046
Kolluru, S. S. R., Patra, A. K., & Dubey, R. S. (2019). In-vehicle PM2.5 personal concentrations in winter during long distance road travel in India. Science of the Total Environment, 684, 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.347
Krall, J. R., Chang, H. H., Sarnat, S. E., Peng, R. D., & Waller, L. A. (2015). Current methods and challenges for epidemiological studies of the associations between chemical constituents of particulate matter and health. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(4), 388–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0071-y
Kumar, P., Hama, S., Omidvarborna, H., Sharma, A., Sahani, J., Abhijith, K. V., et al. (2020). Temporary reduction in fine particulate matter due to ‘anthropogenic emissions switch-off’ during COVID-19 lockdown in Indian cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102382
Kyu, H. H., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., et al. (2018). Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1859–1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3
Lee, B. J., Kim, B., & Lee, K. (2014a). Air pollution exposure and cardiovascular disease. Toxicological Research, 30(2), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2014.30.2.071
Lee, Y. N., Springston, S., Jayne, J., Wang, J., Hubbe, J., Senum, G., et al. (2014b). Chemical composition and sources of coastal marine aerosol particles during the 2008 VOCALS-REx campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14(10), 5057–5072. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5057-2014
Mahesh, S., Ramadurai, G., & Shiva Nagendra, S. M. (2019). Real-world emissions of gaseous pollutants from motorcycles on Indian urban arterials. Transportation Research Part d: Transport and Environment, 76, 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.010
Manojkumar, N., & Srimuruganandam, B. (2021). Size-segregated particulate matter and health effects in air pollution in India: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(5), 3837–3858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01277-w
Manojkumar, N., Srimuruganandam, B., & Shiva Nagendra, S. M. (2019). Application of multiple-path particle dosimetry model for quantifying age specified deposition of particulate matter in human airway. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 168, 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.091
Martins, V., Cruz Minguillón, M., Moreno, T., Querol, X., de Miguel, E., Capdevila, M., et al. (2015). Deposition of aerosol particles from a subway microenvironment in the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science, 90, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.08.008
Menon, J. S., & Nagendra, S. M. S. (2018). Personal exposure to fine particulate matter concentrations in central business district of a tropical coastal city. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 68(5), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1407837
Nag, S., Gupta, A. K., & Mukhopadhyay, U. K. (2005). Size distribution of atmospheric aerosols in Kolkata, India and the assessment of pulmonary deposition of particle mass. Indoor and Built Environment, 14(5), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X05057949
Pant, P., & Harrison, R. M. (2013). Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review. Atmospheric Environment, 77, 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.028
Peter, A. E., Shiva Nagendra, S. M., & Nambi, I. M. (2018). Comprehensive analysis of inhalable toxic particulate emissions from an old municipal solid waste dumpsite and neighborhood health risks. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(6), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.03.006
Sharma, A. R., Kharol, S. K., & Badarinath, K. V. S. (2010). Influence of vehicular traffic on urban air quality — A case study of Hyderabad, India. Transportation Research Part d: Transport and Environment, 15(3), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2009.11.001
Srimuruganandam, B., & Shiva Nagendra, S. M. (2011). Characteristics of particulate matter and heterogeneous traffic in the urban area of India. Atmospheric Environment, 45(18), 3091–3102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.014
Thorpe, A., & Harrison, R. M. (2008). Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 400(1–3), 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.007
Wu, C. F., Shen, F. H., Li, Y. R., Tsao, T. M., Tsai, M. J., Chen, C. C., et al. (2016). Association of short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide with acute cardiovascular effects. Science of the Total Environment, 569–570(17), 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.084
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
M, S., Alshetty, D., N, R. et al. Particulate matter exposure analysis in 12 critical urban zones of Chennai, India. Environ Monit Assess 194, 667 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10321-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10321-3