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Proposition of critical thresholds for copper and zinc transfer to solution in soils

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Abstract

Several studies have reported increased copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels in agricultural soils worldwide, mainly due to organic waste and successive leaf fungicide applications in crops. However, the critical transfer thresholds in soils, which can indicate the real risk of environmental contamination and toxicity to plants, remain poorly understood. This study aimed to define the maximum Cu and Zn adsorption capacity (MAC) and threshold (T-Cu and T-Zn) in different soils in Southern Brazil, which present different clay and organic matter (OM) levels. Bw (Oxisol) and A horizon (Inceptisol) samples were used to obtain soils with clay and OM contents ranging from 4 to 70% and from 0.5 to 9.5%, respectively. Cu and Zn adsorption curves were plotted for MAC determination purposes. Based on Cu and Zn MAC values, different concentrations of these elements were applied to the soils for subsequent quantification of available Cu and Zn levels (Mehlich-1 and water). T-Cu in soils with different clay contents ranged from 81 to 595 mg Cu kg−1, whereas T-Zn, from 195 to 378 mg Zn kg−1. T-Cu in soils with different OM levels ranged from 97 to 667 mg Cu kg−1, whereas T-Zn, from 226 to 495 mg Zn kg−1. T-Cu can be calculated through the equation: T-Cu = 75 × (%CL0.34) × (%OM0.39), whereas T-Zn: T-Zn = 2.7 × (CL) + 126 (by taking into consideration the clay content) and T-Zn = − 9.3 × (%OM)2 + 92.4 × (%OM) + 66 (by taking into consideration OM content). T-Cu and T-Zn can be used by researchers, inspection bodies, technical assistance institutions, and farmers as safe indicators to monitor the potential for environmental contamination.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was financed by both the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—Brasil (CNPq), and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC), who financed the project “Obtenção de limites ambientais de Cu e Zn para diferentes tipos de solos do Sul do Brasil” (Obtaining environmental limits of Cu and Zn for different types of soils in southern Brazil), approved in the public call FAPESC Nº 26/2020. CNPq provided research productivity grants awarded to professors Jucinei José Comin, Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi, Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares, Arcângelo Loss, and Gustavo Brunetto.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC, 88034-000, Brazil

    Gildean Portela Morais, Jucinei José Comin, Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi, Arcângelo Loss, Juliana Gress Bortolini & Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira

  2. Rio Grande Do Sul Federal Institute, Restinga Campus, Porto Alegre, RS, 91791-508, Brazil

    Tadeu Luis Tiecher

  3. Biological Sciences Center, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

    Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares

  4. Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

    Luciano Colpo Gatiboni

  5. Soil and Agricultural Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, 80035-050, Brazil

    Eduardo Maciel Haitzmann dos Santos

  6. Soil Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Gustavo Brunetto

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  1. Gildean Portela Morais
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Gildean Portela Morais: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing — original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization. Jucinei José Comin: conceptualization, investigation, writing — review and editing. Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi: conceptualization, investigation, writing — review and editing. Tadeu Luis Tiecher: conceptualization, investigation, writing — review and editing. Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares: conceptualization, investigation, writing — review and editing. Arcângelo Loss: conceptualization, investigation, writing—review and editing. Luciano Colpo Gatiboni: conceptualization, investigation, writing — review and editing. Juliana Gress Bortoloni: conceptualization and investigation. Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira: conceptualization, writing — review and editing. Eduardo Maciel Haitzmann dos Santos: conceptualization, writing — review and editing. Gustavo Brunetto: conceptualization, resources, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing, supervision, project administration.

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Correspondence to Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira.

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Morais, G.P., Comin, J.J., Lourenzi, C.R. et al. Proposition of critical thresholds for copper and zinc transfer to solution in soils. Environ Monit Assess 194, 623 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10278-3

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