Abstract
Forested landscapes offer high provisioning capacities for many ecosystem services (ES), yet their capabilities may change in time due to multifaceted ES drivers. Therefore, assessing the changes in individual ES is critical for ecosystem-based management. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal changes in ES provided by a forest-dominated protected area in NE, Turkey. To this end, 18 ES were quantified and mapped using the ES matrix approach for 1985 and 2021. Then, the status of the ES and potential drivers of landscape changes were revealed through the assessment of demographic and management structure changes. The results showed that the multiple ES provisioning capacity of the landscape increased by 7% over 35 years. The capacities for “crops” and “livestock” ES decreased for the same period. The most prominent ES were “wild foods,” “erosion regulation,” and “knowledge systems.” Spatially, ES hotspots accumulated in the northern parts and the core zone of the protected area. The most significant changes occurred in the lowlands, mostly composed of degraded forests and coppices as of 1985 after their transformation into productive forests. The spatio-temporal changes in many ES can be attributed to the declaration of the landscape as a protected area in 1994. The removal of anthropogenic pressure and the impact of conservation management can be evaluated as the main drivers for the positive changes in the total ES capacity. Thus, sound policy structures and effective conservation strategies should be further encouraged for increasing protected areas’ capacities to provide the large array of ES.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data and material can be shared by the author upon reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Akkuzu, E., Sariyildiz, T., Kucuk, M., & Duman, A. (2009). Ips typographus (L.) and Thanasimus formicarius (L.) populations influenced by aspect and slope position in Artvin-Hatila valley national park, Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(5), 877–882.
Baral, H., Keenan, R. J., Fox, J. C., Stork, N. E., & Kasel, S. (2013). Spatial assessment of ecosystem goods and services in complex production landscapes: A case study from south-eastern Australia. Ecological Complexity, 13, 35–45.
Baskent, E. Z. (2020). A framework for characterizing and regulating ecosystem services in a management planning context. Forests, 11, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010102
Başkent, E. Z., Köse, S., & Keleş, S. (2005). The forest management planning system of Turkey: Constructive criticism towards the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. International Forestry Review, 7(3), 208–217.
Bayramoglu, M. M., & Kadiogullari, A. İ. (2018). Analysis of land use change and forestation in response to demographic movement and reduction of forest crime. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(1), 225–238.
Bulut, S., & Günlü, A. (2019). Determination of total carbon storage using Sentinel-2 and Geographic Information Systems in mixed forests. Anatolian Journal of Forest Research, 5(2), 120–128.
Burkhard, B., Kandziora, M., Hou, Y., & Müller, F. (2014). Ecosystem service potentials, flows and demands– Concepts for spatial localisation, indication and quantification. Landscape Online, 34, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201434
Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Müller, F., & Windhorst, W. (2009). Landscapes’ capacities to provide ecosystem services - A concept for land-cover based assessments. Landscape Online, 15, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.200915
Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S., & Müller, F. (2012). Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators, 21, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.019
CI (Conservation International). (2004). Biodiversity hotspots revisited. http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/resources/maps.xml. Accessed 11 Jan 2022.
Dymond, J. R., Ausseil, A.-G.E., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Carswell, F. E., & Mason, N. W. H. (2013). Opportunities for restoring indigenous forest in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 43(3), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2012.736393
EC (European Commission). (2021). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the council on the making available on the Union market as well as export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010. Brussels, 17.11.2021 COM (2021) 706 final 2021/0366 (COD).
Egercioğlu, Y. (2016). Urban transformation processes in illegal housing areas in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science, 223, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.327
Eroğlu, H., Çakır, G., Sivrikaya, F., & Akay, A. E. (2010). Using high resolution images and elevation data in classifying erosion risks of bare soil areas in the Hatila Valley Natural Protected Area, Turkey. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 24, 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-009-0356-5
ESRI. (2012). ArcGIS 10.2 for Desktop. Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., California.
Felipe-Lucia, M. R., Soliveres, S., et al. (2018). Multiple forest attributes underpin the supply of multiple ecosystem services. Nature Communications, 9, 4839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07082-4
GDF. (1985). Forest management plan of Taşlıca Region (1985–2004). The Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Forestry.
GDF. (2022). Ecosystem-based multifunctional management plan of Hatila Valley National Park (2022–2041). The Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Forestry.
Haines-Young, R., & Potschin, M. (2018). Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1 and Guidance on the application of the revised structure.
Hou, Y., Burkhard, B., & Muller, F. (2013). Uncertainties in landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 127, 117–131.
Jacobs, S., Burkhardb, B., Van Daelea, T., Staesd, J., & Schneidersa, A. (2015). ‘The Matrix Reloaded’: A review of expert knowledge use for mapping ecosystem services. Ecological Modelling, 295, 21–30.
Jiang, M., Jiang, C., Huang, W., Chen, W., Gong, Q., Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Zhuang, C., Wang, J., & Yang, Z. (2022). Quantifying the supply-demand balance of ecosystem services and identifying its spatial determinants: A case study of ecosystem restoration hotspot in Southwest China. Ecological Engineering, 174, 106472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106472
Jurmalis, E., Libiete, Z., & Bardule, A. (2017). Preliminary biophysical assessment of forest ecosystem services: Two model area examples. Acta Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis, 17(1), 59–66.
Kadioğullari, A. İ, Sayin, M. A., Çelik, D. A., Borucu, S., Çil, B., & Bulut, S. (2014). Analysing land cover changes for understanding of forest dynamics using temporal forest management plans. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 2089–2110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3520-9
Li, T., Cui, Y., & Liu, A. (2017). Spatiotemporal dynamic analysis of forest ecosystem services using “big data”: A case study of Anhui province, central-eastern China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142(2), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.118
Lodin, I., Eriksson, L. O., Forsell, N., & Korosuo, A. (2020). Combining climate change mitigation scenarios with current forest owner behavior: A scenario study from a region in southern Sweden. Forests, 11(3), 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030346
MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Island Press/World Resources Institute.
Pinno, B. D., & Wilson, S. D. (2011). Ecosystem carbon changes with woody encroachment of grassland in the northern Great Plains. Ecoscience, 18, 157163.
Poikolainen, L., Pinto, G., Vihervaara, P., Burkhard, B., Wolff, F., Hyytiäinen, R., & Kumpula, T. (2020). GIS and land cover-based assessment of ecosystem services in the North Karelia Biosphere Reserve, Finland. Fennia, 197(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1143/fennia.80331
Rounsevell, M. D. A., & Harrison P. A. (2016). Drivers of change for ecosystem services (Briefing note 7.2). In M. Potsching, R. Haines-Young, R. Fish, R. K. Turner (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services, (pp. 147–152). London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Sauti, R. (2019). Investigating the spatiotemporal changes of land use/land cover and ecosystem services in three periods in Yuvacık. Karadeniz Technical University, Master thesis, 64 p.
Sauti, R., & Karahalil, U. (2022). Investigating the spatiotemporal changes of land use/ land cover and its implications for ecosystem services between 1972 and 2015 in Yuvacık. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09912-x
Schmidt, S., Alewell, C., & Meusburger, K. (2018). Mapping spatio-temporal dynamics of the cover and management factor (C-factor) for grasslands in Switzerland. Remote Sensing of Environment, 211, 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.008
Seki, M., & Atar, D. (2021). Temporal and spatial change of carbon storage in Alara Forest Planning Unit. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 21(3), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1048387
Taka Newspaper. (2017). The news on May 5th, 2017, on the local press website. https://www.takagazete.com.tr/bolgemiz/cam-seyir-terasina-yogun-ilgi-h163951.html. Accessed 25 Nov 2021.
TSI. (2021). Results of population censuses (1927–2000) and Address-based Population Registration System (2007–2020). Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara.
TSI. (2022). Statistics Data Portal. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/. Accessed 1 Jan 2022.
Vatandaşlar, C., Yavuz, M., & Leuchner, M. (2020). Erosion control service of forest ecosystems: A case study from northeastern Turkey. Erosion control service of forest ecosystems: A case study from Northeastern Turkey. In S. Nedkov, G. Zhelezov, N. Ilieva, M. Nikolova, B. Koulov, K. Naydenov, S. Dimitrov (Eds.), Smart Geography (pp. 443−455). Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28191-5_32
Yuan, K., Li, F., Yang, H., & Wang, Y. (2019). The influence of land use change on ecosystem service value in Shangzhou district. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081321
Yurtseven, I., Serengil, Y., Gökbulak, F., Şengönül, K., Ozhan, S., Kılıç, U., Uygur, B., & Ozçelik, M. S. (2018). Results of a paired catchment analysis of forest thinning in Turkey in relation to forest management options. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 785–792.
Yuxi, Z., Linsheng, Z., & Ling-en, W. (2018). Spatiotemporal changes in recreation potential of ecosystem services in Sanjiangyuan. China. Journal of Spatial Science, 63(2), 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2018.1494059
Zengin, H., Asan, Ü., Destan, S., Ünal, M. E., Yeşil, A., & Bettinger, P. (2015). Modeling harvest scheduling in multifunctional planning of forests for long term water yield optimization. Natural Resource Modeling, 28(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12057
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Forestry, Department of Forest Management and Planning for data provision. The author is also grateful to Esra Başak, Nuket İpek Çetin, and Başak Avcıoğlu Çokçalışkan for proofreading and valuable comments on the draft manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vatandaslar, C. Spatial assessment of ecosystem services provisioning changes in a forest-dominated protected area in NE Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 194, 539 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10212-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10212-7