Abstract
Potentially toxic elements’ (PTEs; V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Hg) pollution level was investigated in size-fractionated road dust in Busan Metropolitan City. Health risks to humans (adult and children) were also evaluated in fine particle fraction (< 63 μm) of road dust. PTE concentrations in the fine particles (< 63 μm) were ranked as follows (unit: mg/kg): Zn (2511) > Cu (559) > Cr (531) > Pb (385) > Ni (139) > V (83.8) > Sb (31.6) > Co (21.6) > As (17.2) > Cd (4.1) > Hg (0.38). The PTE concentrations in fine particles (< 63 μm) were significantly higher than those in coarse particles except for V, Co, and As. The mean PTE loadings of fine particle fraction (< 63 μm; 233 mg/m2) in road dust were up to 4.5 times higher than other particle fractions. Igeo values of Sb were higher than 5 except for > 1000-μm fraction, indicating extremely polluted status. PCA results and elemental ratios indicated that most of the PTEs in road dust were derived from non-exhaust traffic-related sources such as brake pads and tires. Cr, Pb, and Sb had higher HI values than other metals for both adults and children. Sampling sites of heavy traffic and industrial areas showed that the carcinogenic risk exceeded the maximum threshold level (10 − 4). Especially in children, the mean carcinogenic risk (ingestion pathway) of As (6.8 × 10 − 4) Cd (2.0 × 10 − 4), and Ni (4.1 × 10 − 4) exceeded the maximum threshold level, indicating that continuous exposure to road dust may pose a high cancer risk to children. Therefore, continuous monitoring and management of these metals are needed to protect human health and the urban environment.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
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This study was supported by a grant (PEA0012) from the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST).
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Conceptualization, formal analysis and investigation, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing: Hyeryeong Jeong. Methodology, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing, funding acquisition, resources: Kongtae Ra.
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Jeong, H., Ra, K. Source apportionment and health risk assessment for potentially toxic elements in size-fractionated road dust in Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Environ Monit Assess 194, 350 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10008-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10008-9