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The impact of long-term environmental change on zooplankton along the southwestern coast of India

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Abstract

Environmental pollution and climate change are causing major changes in the marine environment. Coastal zones around the world are experiencing changes such as nutrient influx, resulting in altered plankton communities. The aim of this study was to determine the response of zooplankton to the changes in the environmental variables in the coastal zone of the Arabian Sea, Southwest Coast of India, over 10 years. Zooplankton abundance, chlorophyll-a concentrations, and water quality variables (rainfall, nitrates, phosphates, pH, water temperature, and salinity) were quantified from January 2010 to December 2019. Water temperature, pH, salinity, and phosphates increased steadily across the sites during the study period whereas chlorophyll-a and nitrates decreased. Rainfall abundance was not exhibiting any patterns or trends. The effects of the sampled environmental variables on zooplankton abundance were tested using generalized linear mixed models. Salinity and phosphates negatively affected the zooplankton abundance whereas water temperature, pH, and chlorophyll-a concentration had a positive effect. Coastal zones in southwest India are experiencing declining phytoplankton abundance due to a number of environmental factors. Reduced phytoplankton combined with altered environmental variables are having declining effects on zooplankton. This decline in zooplankton population has far reaching effects on biota in higher trophic levels including economically important organisms such as fishes.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to all our volunteers for their timely support in the different fields.

Funding

The first (08/739(0001)/2019-EMR-I) and third (08/739(0005/2021-EMR-I) authors acknowledge the funding support of UGC-CSIR, India.

Author information

Author notes

  1. T. R. Athira, Aymen Nefla, K. M. Aarif, Sama S. AlMaarofi and Sabir Bin Muzaffar contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Govt College, Madappally, Kozhikode, 673102, Kerala, India

    T. R. Athira, C. T. Shifa & P. Thejass

  2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, El Manar II, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia

    Aymen Nefla

  3. Acarology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam P.O, Kozhikode, Kerala, India

    H. Shamna

  4. Terrestrial Ecology, Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    K. M. Aarif

  5. Department of Environmental Sustainability, Faculty of Science, Lakehead University, 500 University Avenue, Orillia, ON, L3V 0B9, Canada

    Sama S. AlMaarofi

  6. Department of Zoology, Wildlife Biology Division, Farook College PO, Farook College, Kozhikode, Kerala , India

    A. P. Rashiba

  7. Climate Modelling and Data Analysis, Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Omer R. Reshi

  8. Department of Zoology, Govt College, Kodanchery, Kozhikode, 673580, Kerala, India

    T. Jobiraj

  9. Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box, 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Sabir Bin Muzaffar

Authors
  1. T. R. Athira
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  2. Aymen Nefla
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  3. C. T. Shifa
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  4. H. Shamna
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  5. K. M. Aarif
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  6. Sama S. AlMaarofi
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  7. A. P. Rashiba
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  8. Omer R. Reshi
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  9. T. Jobiraj
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  10. P. Thejass
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  11. Sabir Bin Muzaffar
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Contributions

T.R. Athira: investigation, writing-original draft; Aymen Nefla: formal analysis; C.T. Shifa: writing-review and editing; H. Shamna: writing-review and editing; K.M. Aarif: conceptualization, writing-review and editing; Sama S. AlMaarofi: writing-review and editing; A. P. Rashiba: data curation; Omer R. Reshi: software, visualization; T. Jobiraj: resources; P. Thejass: resources; Sabir Bin Muzaffar: investigation, supervision, writing-review and editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aymen Nefla or Sabir Bin Muzaffar.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Table 3 Variance inflation factors (VIF) to check for multicollinearity of variables used in models explaining zooplankton abundance variation
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Athira, T.R., Nefla, A., Shifa, C.T. et al. The impact of long-term environmental change on zooplankton along the southwestern coast of India. Environ Monit Assess 194, 316 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09921-w

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