Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Valuation of the toxicity profile of benthic sediment of Western region in sub-Saharan Africa

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sediments in water ecology play an important part in affecting the contamination state since they can perform as both pollutants’ carriers and bases in an aquatic ecosystem. The sediment samples of River Okhuaihe were examined to reveal its level of pollution. Sediment samples gotten from 4 stations were analyzed for 28 physical and chemical parameters using the standard methods. A high P < 0.01 (significant difference) was detected in nitrate, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, zinc, lead, chromium, and total hydrocarbon content, while cadmium, manganese, potassium, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon were P < 0.05 (significantly different) across the studied stations. The Duncan multiple range test showed that station 3 was the source of variance for these parameters. All other parameters showed no P > 0.05 (significant difference) across the studied stations. Temporal examination revealed disparities in the arid and rainy periods, for all studied parameters. The mean heavy metal concentrations in the study dwindled in this order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > V. The principal component analysis results revealed two components that influenced the sediment characteristic of River Okhuaihe, with eigenvalues > 1 accounting for 96.811% of the sum variance. The pollution load index of stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 3.54, 2.60, 4.07, and 4.02, respectively, which were greater than the threshold, showing high contamination. This shows that River Okhuaihe is highly polluted with specific sources of organic wastes from farming activities which in turn influence the pH and metal solubility contents of the water body. Therefore, there is a dire need to do regular monitoring of the discharged wastes into the river by water researchers and regulatory bodies to maintain and enhance its natural integrity against unforeseen health issues for the present and future users.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achia, C. G., Omoniyia, A. M., Cokera, A. O., & Sridhar, M. K. C. (2012). Multivariate analysis of sediment quality in River Ogbere, Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. H2Open Journal, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.057

  • Adams, W. J., Kinerle, R. A., & Barnette, J. W. (1992). Sediment quality and aquatic life assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 26, 1865–1875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adeyemo, O. K., Adedokun, O. A., Yusuf, R. K., & Adeleye, E. A. (2008). Seasonal changes in physicochemical parameters and nutrient Load of River Sediments in Ibadan City, Nigeria. Global NEST Journal, 10, 326–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akachukwu, D., Nnaji, J. C., Ojimelukwe, P., Onoja, S., & Odo, S. (2020). Sediment quality of Orashi River at four oil producing communities of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environment Management, 24(7), 1145–1151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akan, J. C., Abbagambo, M. T., Chellube, Z. M., & Abdulrahman, F. I. (2012). Assessment of pollutants in water and sediment samples in Lake Chad, Baga, North Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection, 3, 1428–1441. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2012.311161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akindele, E. O., Omisakin, O. D., Olanrewaju, O. A. O., Aliu, O., & G.E., & Akinpelu, O.T. (2020). Heavy metal toxicity in the water column and benthic sediments of a degraded tropical stream. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. In A. D. Eaton, L. S. Clesceri, E. W. Rice, A. E. Greenberg, & M. A. H. Franson (Eds.), (21st ed.). APHA, Washington D. C., U.S.A

  • Anani, O. A., & Olomukoro, J. O. (2017a). The evaluation of heavy metal load in benthic sediment using some pollution indices in Ossiomo River, Benin City, Nigeria. Funai Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 103–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anani, O. A., & Olomukoro, J. O. (2017b). The evaluation of heavy metal load in benthic sediment using some pollution indices in Ossiomo River, Benin City, Nigeria. Funai Journal of Science and Technology., 3(2), 103–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anani, O. A., & Olomukoro, J. O. (2018). Trace metal residues in a tropical Watercourse sediment in Nigeria: Health risk implications. IOP Conference Series: Earth Environmental Science, 210, 012005.

  • Anani, O. A., Olomukoro, J. O., & Enuneku, A. A. (2020a). Geospatial mapping, environmetrics and indexing approach for a tropical River sediment in Southern Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Science and Industrial Research Series a: Physical Science, 63A(3), 176–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anani, O. A., Olomukoro, J. O., & Ezenwa, I. M. (2020b). Limnological evaluation in terms of water quality of Ossiomo River, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Conversation Science, 11(2), 571–588.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anani, O. A., & Olomukoro, J. O. (2021). Probabilistic risk assessment and water quality index of a tropical delta river. PeerJ, 9(2), e12487. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astatkie, H., Ambelu, A., & Mengistie, E. (2021). Contamination of stream sediment with heavy metals in the Awetu Watershed of Southwestern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Earth Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.658737

  • Avramidis, P., Samiotis, A., Kalimani, E., Papoulis, D., Lampropoulou, P., & Bekiari, V. (2012). Sediment characteristics and water physicochemical parameters of the Lysimachia Lake, Western Greece. Environment and Earth Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2134-9

  • Azeem, T., Ur Rehman, H., & Zarin, K. (2016). Analysis of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of water and sediments with respect fishes collected from Ghol Dam District Karak, Khyberpakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 7, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barakat, A., El Baghdadi, M., Rais, J., & Nadem, S. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal in surface sediments of day river at Beni-MellalRegion, Morocco. Research Journal of Environmental Earth Science, 4(8), 797–806.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, N. U., Asuquo, F. E., Williams, A. B., Essien, J. P., Ekong, C. I., Akpabio, O., et al. (2016). Source evaluation and trace metal contamination in benthic sediments from equatorial ecosystems using multivariate statistical techniques. PLoS One, 11(6), e0156485. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156485

  • Bhardwaj, R., Gupta, A., & Garg, J. K. (2017). Evaluation of trace metal contamination using environmetrics and indexing approach for river Yamuna, Delhi stretch, India. Water Science, 45, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.02.002

  • DID. (2010). Geological map of Langat River Basin. Department of Irrigation, Malaysia. Volume 1: executive summary and main report. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International.

  • Ebadi, A. G., & Hisoriev, H. (2018). Physicochemical characterization of sediments from Tajan River Basin in the Northern Iran. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2018.1460929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enueku, A. A., Ezemonye, L. T., & Ainerua, M. O. (2014). Human health risk assessment of metal contain nation through consumption of Sesarma angolense and Macrobrachuim macrobranchium from Benin River, Nigeria. European International Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enuneku, A., Omoruyi, O., Tongo, I., Ogbomida, E., Ogbeide, O., & Ezemonye, L. (2018). Evaluating the potential health risks of heavy metal pollution in sediment and selected benthic fauna of Benin River, Southern Nigeria. Appllied Water Science, 8, 224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0873-9

  • Fagbote, E. O., & Olanipekun, E. O. (2010). Evaluation of the status of heavy metal pollution of sediment of Agbabu bitumen deposits area, Nigeria. European Journal of Science Research, 26, 437–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, G., Wu, F., Xie, F., & Zhang, R. (2012). Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China. Journal of Environmental Science, 24, 410–418.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A Sedimentological Approach. Water Reports, 14, 975–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Z., Liu, C., Zhao, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, B. (2020). Risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment at the drinking water source of the Xiangjiang River in South China. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00305-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyland, J., Karakassis, I., Magni, P., Petrov, A., & Shine, J. (2000). Summary report: Results of initial planning meeting of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Benthic Indicator Group. 70.

  • Ighariemu, V., Belonwu, D. C., & Wegwu, M. O. (2019). Level of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and sediments of Ikoli Creek Bayelsa State Nigeria. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 11, 114–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., Raknuzzaman, M., & Habibullah -Al- Mamun, M., & Islam, M.K. (2015). Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecological Indicators, 48, 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jolliffe, I. T., Trendafilov, N., & Uddin, M. (2002a). A modified principal component technique based on the LASSO. Submitted for publication.

  • Jolliffe, I. T., Uddin, M., & Vines, S. K. (2002b). Simplified EOFs. Three Alternatives to Rotation. Climate Research, 20, 271–279.

  • Kolo, B. G., Ogugbuaja, V. O., & Dauda, M. (2010). Study on the level of sulphates, phosphates and nitrates in water and aqueous sediments of Lake Chad basin area of Borno State, Nigeria. Continental Journal of Water Air Soil Pollution, 1, 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao, J., Cui, X., Feng, H., & Yan, S. (2022). Environmental background values and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in watershed sediments: A comparison of assessment methods. Water, 14, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marathe, R. B., Marathe, Y. V., & Sawant, C. P. (2011). Sediment characteristics of Taptic River India. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 3, 1179–1183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moslen, M., & Miebaka, C. A. (2017). Hydrocarbon contamination of sediments in the Niger Delta region: A case study of the Azuabie creek, upper reaches of the Bonny Estuary, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 11(9)I, 26–32.

  • Negi, S. (2017). Study of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal accumulation in soil sediment and leaves of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 12(6), 1241–1248.

  • Nweke, M., & Ukpai, N. S. (2016). Use of enrichment, ecological risk and contamination factors with geo accumulation indexes to evaluate heavy metal contents in the soils around Ameka Mining Area, South of Abakaliki, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 5, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbeibu, A. E. (2014). Biostatistics: A practical approach to research and data handling (p. 268). Mindex Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogbeibu, A. E., Omoigberale, M. O., Ezenwa, I. M., Eziza, J. O., & Igwe, J. O. (2014). Using pollution load index and geoaccumulative index for the assessment of heavy metal pollution and sediment quality of the Benin River, Nigeria. Natural Environment, 2, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olatunji, E. O., & Anani, O. A. (2020). Bacteriological and physicochemical evaluation of River Ela, Edo State Nigeria: water quality and perceived community health concerns. Journal of Biological Innovation, 9(5), 736–749. https://doi.org/10.46344/JBINO.2020.v09i05.09

  • Olomukoro, J. O., & Azubuike, C. N. (2009). Heavy metals and macroinvertebrate communities in bottom sediment of Ekpan Creek, Warri, Nigeria. Jordan Journal of Biological Science, 2, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omoigberale, M. O., & Ogbeibu, A. E. (2010). Environmental impact of oil exploration and production on the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of Osse River, Southern Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Science, 4(2), 101–114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onyari, M. J., Muohi, A. W., Omondi, G., & Mavuti, K. M. (2003). Heavy metals in sediments from Makupa and Port-Reitz Creek Systems Kenyan Coast. Environmental International, 28, 639–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onyeonwu, R. O. (2000). Manual for waste/wastewater, soil/sediment, plant and fish analysis, Benin City. MacGill Environmental Research Laboratory Manual, 81.

  • Oyekunle, J. A. O., Ogunfowokan, A. O., Akanni, M. S., & Torto, N. (2011). Seasonal mean levels of heavy metals in water and associated sediments from Ajawere River in Oke‐Osun farm settlement, Osogbo, Nigeria. Proceedings of the Environmental Management Conference, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

  • Rashedul, A. C. S. M., & Zafar, M. (2018). Physico–chemical parameters of water and sediment during spring period in parts off bay of Bengal. Bangladesh. MOJ Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00080

  • Rzetala, M., Babicheva, V. A., & Rzetala, M. A. (2019). Composition and physico-chemical properties of bottom sediments in the southern part of the Bratsk Reservoir (Russia). Scientific Reports, 9, 12790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49228-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafie, N. A., Aris, A. Z., & Puad, N. H. A. (2012). Influential factors on the levels of cation exchange capacity. in sediment at Langat River. Arab Journal of Geoscience. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0563-0

  • Simeon, E. O., Idomo, K. B. S., & Chioma, F. (2019). Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water and Sediment of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 3(2), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.12

  • Singare, P. U., Trivedi, M. P., & Mishra, R. M. (2011). Assessing the physico-chemical parameters of sediment ecosystem of Vasai Creek at Mumbai. India. Marine Science, 1(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ms.20110101.03

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., & Sinha, S. (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India): A case study. Water Research, 38, 3980–3992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stronkhorst, J., Brits, J., Batty, J., Coquery, M., Mannio, J., O’Donnell, C., Steenwijk, J., & Frintrop, P. (2004). Discussion document on sediment monitoring guideline for EU water framework directive. Version 2. EU water framework directive expert group on Analysis and Monitoring of Priority Substances.

  • Sun, Q., Gao, F., Wang, Y., Li, D., & Chen, Z. (2019). The content distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Dalian Bay. MEEP 2018 – “The Second International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Protection”. 311–318

  • Ustaoğlu, F., & Tepe, Y. (2019). Water quality and sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent-Akpu, I. J., Tyler, A. N., Wilson, C., & Mackinnon, G. (2015). Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediment of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 97(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1041526

  • Wogu, M. D., & Okaka, C. E. (2011). Pollution studies on Nigerian rivers: Heavy metals in surface water of Warri River, Delta State. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, 1(3), 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C., Yu, Z.-G., Zeng, G.-M., Jiang, M., Yang, Z.-Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M.-Y., Shen, L.-Q., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270–281.

  • Zhang, J., & Liu, C. L. (2002). Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-Weathering features, anthropogenic impact, and chemical fluxes. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 54, 1051–1070.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Spadaroa, D. A., Kinga, J. J., & Simpson, S. L. (2020). Improved prediction of sediment toxicity using a combination of sediment and overlying water contaminant exposures. Environmental Pollution, 266(1), 115187.

  • Zhao, H., Zhang, L., Wang, S., & Jiao, L. (2018). Features and Influencing Factors of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusive Fluxes at the Sediment-Water Interface of Erhai Lake, 25(2), 1933–1942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0556-3

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to the University of Benin, Benin City; Federal University of Technology, Minna; and Edo State University Uzairue, Nigeria, for allowing us to undertake this research. We also appreciate Mr. Osasumwen Ogiesoba-Eguakun for his assistance in the typesetting and edition of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna City, Niger State, Nigeria

    Clarence U. Ogiesoba-Eguakun

  2. Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

    Anthony E. Ogbeibu

  3. Laboratory for Ecoxiocology and Forensic Biology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo State University, Iyamho PMB 04, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria

    Osikemekha A. Anani

Authors
  1. Clarence U. Ogiesoba-Eguakun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anthony E. Ogbeibu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Osikemekha A. Anani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Osikemekha A. Anani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ogiesoba-Eguakun, C.U., Ogbeibu, A.E. & Anani, O.A. Valuation of the toxicity profile of benthic sediment of Western region in sub-Saharan Africa. Environ Monit Assess 194, 424 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09876-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09876-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation