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Remotely sensed image interpretation for assessment of land use land cover changes and settlement impact on allocated irrigation water in Multan, Pakistan

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Abstract

Industrial revolution and rapid population growth are responsible for alteration of land into different settlements. These changes may lead to change in land use (LU) and land cover (LC). The LULC changes have impact on hydrological regimes including streams flow pattern and allocated irrigation water (water allocation through Warabandi system). The present study aimed to identify the LULC changes and settlement impact on allocated water using the unsupervised classification and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Landsat images for the years of 1990 to 2020 in Multan District. The accuracy assessment and Kappa coefficient were also investigated to evaluate quality of results derived from the classified images. The results show that the reduction in waterbody, spare, and dense vegetation was −7.6, −1.7, and −30.7%, respectively. The settlements, barren, and crop lands have increased to 25.2, 10.1, and 4.6%, respectively, from 1990 to 2020. The values of kappa coefficient (0.84–0.85) showed very good level of classification. In addition, the volume of water loss due to change of LULC from waterbody into settlements, barren land, crop land, spare, and dense vegetation was found approximately 472, 44, 133, 54, and 85 m3, respectively, in last 30 years. This volume of water is not reaching equitably to the farming community because of the LU and LC changes and urban settlements. The results indicated that remotely sensed image interpretation technique may be a useful for reallocation of water among farmers in an equitable and efficient way.

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Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, for the constant support during this research. The study is possible due to the free satellite imagery provided by NASA GLCF and USGS. The authors are grateful to their authority.

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  1. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Maira Naeem, Hafiz Umar Farid, Rameez Ahsen, Zahid Mehmood Khan, Aqsa Dilshad & Huzaifa Shahzad

  2. Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research (IEER), University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arbaz Madni

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Naeem, M., Farid, H.U., Madni, M.A. et al. Remotely sensed image interpretation for assessment of land use land cover changes and settlement impact on allocated irrigation water in Multan, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 194, 98 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09732-5

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