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Macronutrients, trace metals and health risk assessment in agricultural soil and edible plants of Mahshahr City, Iran

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Abstract

In this study, we evaluate the geochemistry of macro- (Fe, P, Ca, S, K, Na, Mg) and micronutrients (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn, Cd, Sr, Cr, Hg, Se), along with possible health risks of heavy metals contamination in agricultural soils and vegetables of the Mahshahr industrial port in Iran. Calculation of geochemical coefficients revealed the low pollution load of Mahshahr agricultural soils. Most of the investigated elements exhibited lower concentrations in soil than international standards. Element concentrations in plant samples were far below the permissible values set by environmental agencies. Based on permissible values, there was deficiency of several soil elements, including Cu, in vegetables because they are mostly present in the soil residual phase. An exception was Mn, which is the most mobile element in soil. The transfer factor (TF) of elements showed the following trend: K > Na > P > S > Mo > Hg > Se > Zn > Cd > Cu > Mg > Mn > Ca > Cr > Co ≈ Fe = Pb. There was high transfer of major elements from soil to plants, and lower values for micronutrients and heavy metals. The calculated daily intake (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) for ten plant species for adults were < 1, while the HRI was larger than 1 for Mn via radish consumption. According to geochemical investigations and statistical tests such as principal component analysis, Kruskal–Wallis, and correlation coefficient calculations, plant species play the most important role in elemental uptake by plants.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the help of the Bandar Imam Petrochemical Complex, the Khuzestan environmental protection office, the Research Committee, and Medical Geology Center of Shiraz University for logistic help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran

    Shabnam Mohammadi, Behnam Keshavarzi & Farid Moore

  2. Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Seyed Fakhreddin Afzali

  3. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Armin Sorooshian

  4. Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Armin Sorooshian

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  1. Shabnam Mohammadi
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Mohammadi, S., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F. et al. Macronutrients, trace metals and health risk assessment in agricultural soil and edible plants of Mahshahr City, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 194, 131 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09646-2

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