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Forest fire probability under ENSO conditions in a semi-arid region: a case study in Guanajuato

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Abstract

Fires can pose a threat to forest ecosystems when those ecosystems are not fire-adapted or when forest community conditions make them vulnerable to wildfires. Thus, investigating fire-prone environmental conditions is urgently needed to create action plans that preserve these ecosystems. In this sense, climate variables can determine the environmental conditions favorable for forest fires. Our study confirms that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is an essential climate indicator for forest fires, as it is related to maximum temperatures and low humidity, representing the stress conditions for vegetation prone to fires. This study explores the extent to which ENSO phases can modulate climatic conditions that lead to high VPD over Guanajuato, a semi-arid region in central Mexico, during the dry season (March–April-May). Using fire occurrence data from MODIS (2000–2019) and Landsat 5 (1998–1999), we developed a climatic probability model for the occurrence of forest fires using VPD estimated from ERA5 reanalysis for each ENSO phase. We found that VPD and the occurrence of forest fires were higher during El Niño than under Neutral and La Niña years, with a higher risk of forest fire occurrence in Guanajuato’s southern region. This study concludes that it is necessary to implement regional and local fire management plans, especially where the largest number of natural protected areas is located.

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Availability of data and material

MODIS fire locations are available from NASA Earthdata Cloud at https://earthdata.nasa.gov/earth-observation-data/near-real-time/firms/active-fire-data. Landsat 5 TM images are available through the Earth Explorer platform at https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/. ERA5 data are available from the Copernicus Climate Change Service at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/. Finally, the ONI is available from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center at https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php.

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Acknowledgements

We highly appreciate the helpful comments and suggestions provided by the editor and three anonymous reviewers. We acknowledge the support of the Dirección de Apoyo a la Investigación y al Posgrado of the Universidad de Guanajuato. The authors also thank the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the ONI data, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the MODIS fire location data, and the US Geological Survey (USGS) for the Landsat 5 TM images used in this work.

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Funding was provided by Universidad de Guanajuato.

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  1. Departamento de Ingeniería Geomática e Hidráulica, División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico

    Michelle Farfán, Alejandra Espinoza, Camilo Alcántara, Victor Maldonado, Israel Tovar & Alejandro Flamenco

  2. Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico

    Christian Dominguez & Alejandro Jaramillo

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Farfán, M., Dominguez, C., Espinoza, A. et al. Forest fire probability under ENSO conditions in a semi-arid region: a case study in Guanajuato. Environ Monit Assess 193, 684 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09494-0

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  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09494-0

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