Abstract
Eight national air quality monitoring stations were selected to examine the environmental effects of prohibiting fireworks and firecrackers since January 1, 2018, in Jinan, China, by using an air quality index (AQI) on three time scales. In 2014–2018, the average annual AQI decreased year on year, but a downward trend in 2018 was only found by applying a Daniel trend test. The change in monthly data for 2016–2018 followed a “W” pattern. The overall AQI value was lower on New Year’s Eve than during Spring Festival, and the 2-day AQI in 2018 was lower than that in 2017. The GIS analysis method was used for spatial visualization. The AQI in the built-up part of Jinan was high in the west and low in the east on New Year’s Eve and Spring Festival of 2017, being lowest in the Development Zone. The AQI spatial distribution was high in the city core but low in its periphery; in 2018, the high-AQI center appeared near the Provincial Seed Warehouse on New Year’s Eve and Spring Festival. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between AQI and pollutants. Six pollutants were found to be positively correlated with the AQI. PM2.5 and PM10 had the strongest correlations on New Year’s Eve and Spring Festival, for which the correlations of SO2, CO, and NO2 were significantly weaker in 2018 than in 2017.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article, and its supplementary information files.
Notes
This period corresponds to Spring Festival in its broad sense in China, whereas Spring Festival in this study is used in its narrow sense, i.e., referring to the first day of the Chinese lunar calendar.
References
Abdullah, S., Hammid, F. F. A., Ismail, M., Ahmed, A. N., & Mansor, W. N. W. (2019). Data on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in kindergartens with differentsurrounding activities. Data in Brief, 25, 103969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.103969
Ambade, B. (2018). The air pollution during Diwali festival by the burning of fireworks in Jamshedpur city India. Urban Climate, 26, 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.08.009
Cao, J., Wang, X., & Zhong, X. (2014). Did driving restrictions improve air quality in Beijing? China Economic Quarterly, 13(3), 1091–1126. https://doi.org/10.13821/j.cnki.ceq.2014.03.001
Chen, W., Tang, H., & Zhao, H. (2015). Diurnal, weekly and monthly spatial variations of air pollutants and air quality of Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 119, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.040
Cheng, N., Chen, T., Zhang, D., Li, Y., Sun, F., Wei, Q., Liu, J., Liu, B., & Sun, R. (2015). Air quality characteristics in Beijing during Spring Festival in 2015. Environmental Science, 9, 3150–3158. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.09.005
Comert, G., Darko, S., Huynh, N., Elijah, B., & Eloise, Q. (2019). Evaluating the impact of traffic volume on air quality in South Carolina. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 9(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2019.05.008
Du, T., & Sun, Y. (2019). Correlation of building heating and air qualities in typical cities of China. Energy Procedia, 158, 6532–6537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.105
Feng, J., Yu, H., Su, X., Liu, S., Li, Y., Pan, Y., & Sun, J. (2016). Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 during Chinese Spring Festival at Xinxiang a heavily polluted city in North China: Fireworks and health risks. Atmosphere Research, 182, 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.028
Fang, X., Fan, Q., Liao, Z., Xie, J., Xu, X., & Fan, S. (2019). Spatial-temporal characteristics of the air quality in the Guangdong−Hong Kong−Macau Greater Bay Area of China during 2015–2017. Atmospheric Environment, 210, 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.037
Freire, S. M., Relvas, H., & Lopes, M. (2020). Impact of traffic emissions on air quality in Cabo Verde. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08690-8
Ghei, D., & Sane, R. (2018). Correction: Estimates of air pollution in Delhi from the burning of firecrackers during the festival of Diwali. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0200371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205131
Gu, K., Zhou, Y., Sun, H., Dong, F., & Zhao, L. (2021). Spatial distribution and determinants of PM2.5 in China’s cities: Fresh evidence from IDW and GWR. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08749-6
Guttikunda, S. K., Nishadh, K. A., Gota, S., Singh, P., Chanda, A., Jawahar, P., & Asundi, J. (2019). Air quality, emissions, andsource contributions analysis for the Greater Bengaluru region of India. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(3), 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.01.002
Hamad, S., Green, D., & Heo, J. (2016). Evaluation of health risk associated with fireworks activity at Central London. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health, 9(7), 735–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0384-x
Ji, D., et al. (2018). Characterization and source identification of fine particulate matter in urban Beijing during the 2015 Spring Festival. Science of the Total Environment, 628–629, 430–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.304
Kassomenos, P. A., Kelessis, A., Petrakakis, M., Zoumakis, Th., & Paschalidou, A. K. (2012). Air quality assessment in a heavily polluted urban Mediterranean environment through air quality indices. Ecological Indicators, 18, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.11.021
Kim, S. E. (2004). Nonlinear estimation for PM2.5 transmission effects in Jefferson Co Texas. Environmetrics, 15(4), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.651
Kong, S., et al. (2015). The impacts of firework burning at the Chinese Spring Festival on air quality: Insights of tracers, source evolution and aging processes. Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry, 15(4), 2167–2184. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2167-2015
Li, F., & Zhou, T. (2019a). Effects of urban form on air quality in China: Ananalysis based on the spatial autoregressive model. Cities, 89, 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.025
Li, S., Liu, Y., Purevjav, A., & Yang, L. (2019b). Does subway expansion improve air quality? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 96, 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.05.005
Li, Z., Zhou, Y., Wan, B., Chen, Q., Huang, B., Cui, Y., & Chung, H. (2019c). The impact of urbanization on air stagnation: Shenzhen as case study. Science of the Total Environment, 664, 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.232
Li, X., Bei, N., & Zhao, L. (2017). Influence of meteorological conditions on the wintertime air quality in the Guanzhong basin during 2013 to 2015. Journal of Earth Enviroment, 6, 516–523. https://doi.org/10.7515/JEE201706004
Lin, X., & Wang, D. (2016). Spatio-temporal variations and socio-economic driving forces of air quality in Chinese cities. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 71(8), 1357–1371. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201608006
Liu, H., & Du, G. (2016). Spatial pattern and distributional dynamics of urbanair pollution in China: An empirical study based on Aqi and six sub-pollutants of 161 Cities. Economic Geography, 36(10), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2016.10.005
Liu, H., Fang, C., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Bao, C., & Li, F. (2017). The effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on haze pollution in Chinese cities: A spatial econometrics approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.127
Liu, J., Zhang, T., & Ye, D. (2020). Evaluation on Chongqing during the Spring Festival in 2019. Environmental Pollution & Control, 42(4), 482–486. https://doi.org/10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2020.04.018
Luo, Z., & Li, H. (2018). The impact of “Atmosphere Ten Articles” policy onair quality in China. China Industrial Economics., 9, 136–154. https://doi.org/10.19581/j.cnki.ciejournal.2018.09.018
Ma, G., & Hofmann, E. T. (2019). Immigration and environment in the US: A spatial study of air quality. The Social Science Journal, 56(1), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.08.007
Ma, S., Han, J., & Yang, S. (2016). Urban scale, agglomeration and air quality. China Population Resources and Environment, 26(5), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2016.05.002
Ma, X., Sun, Z., Ding, H., & Li, Z. (2015). Effect of fireworks and meteorological conditions on air quality during Spring Festival in Beijing. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 31(3), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2015.03.008
Mayer, H., Holst, J., Schindler, D., & Ahrens, D. (2008). Evolution of the air pollution in SW Germany evaluated by the long-term air quality index LAQx. Atmospheric Environment, 42(20), 5071–5078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.020
Pan, B., Cheng, L., Wang, J., Li, W., Gu, P., Xu, R., & Gong, Z. (2016a). Characteristics and source attribution of ozone pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebeiregion. Environmental Monitoring in China, 32(5), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2016.05.04
Pan, B., & Li, L. (2016b). The influence of burning fireworks on the air quality in major cities during the Spring Festival in China. Environmental Engineering, 34(01), 74–77+30. https://doi.org/10.13205/j.hjgc.201601016
Pan, S., Roy, A., Choi, Y., Sun, S., & Gao, H. O. (2019). The air quality andhealth impacts of projected long-haul truck and rail freight transportation in the United States in 2050. Environment International, 130, 104922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104922
Pang, N., Gao, J., Zhao, P., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., & Chai, F. (2021). The impact of fireworks control on air quality in four Northern Chinese cities during the Spring Festival. Atmosphere Environment, 244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117958
Qin, J., Wang, S., Guo, L., & Xu, J. (2020). Spatial association pattern of air pollution and influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Air Pollution Transmission Channel: A case study in Henan Province. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051598
Schmitz, S., Weiand, L., Becker, S., Niehoff, N., Schwartzbach, F., & Schneidemesser, E. V. (2018). An assessment of perceptions of air quality surrounding the implementation of a traffic-reduction measure in a local urban environment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.011
Shi, H., Shi, H., Bai, H., & Cao, Z. (2014). Influence of dust storms and fog on air quality of Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2, 262–266. https://doi.org/10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2014.02.005
Singh, A., Pant, P., & Pope, F. D. (2019). Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects. Atmospheric Research, 227, 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.012
Tian, Y., Wang, J., Peng, X., Shi, G., & Feng, Y. (2014). Estimation of the direct and indirect impacts of fireworks on the physicochemical characteristics of atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5. Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry, 14(18), 9469-9479. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9469-2014
Wang, K., Yin, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). The effect of environmental regulation on air quality: A study of new ambient air quality standards in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.061
Wang, Z., Fang, C., Xu, G., & Pan, Y. (2015). Spatial-temporal characteristics of the PM2.5 in China in 2014. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(11), 1720–1734. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201511003
Wang, Z., Zhang, D., Li, Y., Feng, P., Dong, X., Sun, R., & Pan, L. (2015b). Analysis of air quality in Beijing City during Spring Festival period of 2014. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 35(2), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2014.0798
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Sun, F., Zhang, D., Qiu, Q., Sun, N., & Pan, L. (2016). Study on the effect of burning of fireworks on air quality in Beijing. Environmental Monitoring in China, 32(4), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2016.04.03
Wu, Z., Liu, L., & Li, Y. (2017). Analysis of the influence of artificial rain enhancement operation on air quality in Ji’an city. South China Agriculture, 33, 106–107. https://doi.org/10.19415/j.cnki.1673-890x.2017.33.062
Xu, W., Tian, Y., Liu, Y., Zhao, B., Liu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2019). Understanding the spatial-temporal patterns and influential factors on air quality index: The case of North China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162820
Yang, F., Li, W., Xie, F., & Lu, X. (2016). Effect of fireworks forbidden on air quality during the Sping Festival in Nanjing. Journal of Meteorology and Environment, 32(4), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2016.04.006
Yang, Z., Wu, L., Yuan, J., Li, F., Yuan, Y., & Mao, H. (2017). Effect of fireworks on the air quality during the Spring Festival of 2015 in Tianjin City. China Environmental Science, 37(01), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.01.008
Yu, M., Zhu, Y., Lin, C., Wang, S., Xing, J., Jang, C., et al. (2019). Effects of air pollution control measures on air quality improvement in Guangzhou, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 244, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.046
Yu, Z., Gao, D., Li, Z., Yao, Y., Fan, G., Zhang, H., & Wang, K. (2020). Theimpact analyses of low-level ventilation and temperature inversion on air quality in Zhejiang Province. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 40(9), 3165–3173. https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2020.0161
Zhao, W., Fan, S., Xie, W., & Sun, J. (2015). Influence of burning fireworks on air quality during the Spring Festival in the Pearl River Delta. Environmental Science, 36(12), 4358–4365. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.12.005
Funding
This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (grant number 20BJY070), the Shandong Social Science Planning Foundation (grant number 19CDNJ36), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 72004124).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, S., Wang, C., Liu, K. et al. Environmental effects of prohibiting urban fireworks and firecrackers in Jinan, China. Environ Monit Assess 193, 512 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09315-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09315-4