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Effect of urban underlying surface on PM2.5 vertical distribution based on UAV in Xi’an, China

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Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has become a significant issue of ecological environment. However, few studies have explored the vertical distribution of PM2.5 in cities. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vertical distribution regular pattern of PM2.5 over urban underlying surfaces near the ground with a hexacopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in winter. Results showed that the maximum vertical gradient of PM2.5 near the ground was typically the greatest in the morning as the stable atmospheric conditions. Moreover, regression model illustrated that relative humidity had the greatest impact on the vertical profile of PM2.5 compared to air temperature and altitude as hygroscopic of PM2.5 aerosols. Curve model shown that vertical profile of PM2.5 over the surfaces of water and green space first increased slowly and then declined, besides, the highest concentration inflection of PM2.5 above the water body (23.7 m) is higher than the green space (14.3 m). Thus, suggesting residents living vertical of 10–30 m from the ground around large water bodies and green spaces should not open windows for ventilation in the morning. Therefore, this study provides insights into the vertical distributions of PM2.5 over different underlying surfaces and should be of reference value to urban planners for designing urban spaces to optimize atmosphere environment to provide a healthy living environment.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the staff of the Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center for their assistance in instrument calibration.

Funding

This research work was funded by the Resilient urban and rural system planning theory and practice construction system adapting to climate change (2020TD-029), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2019JM-475), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CHD300102411301).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Architecture, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China

    Kai Xin, Jingyuan Zhao, Xuan Ma, Li Han, Yanyu Liu, Jianxin Zhang & Yuejing Gao

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  1. Kai Xin
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  2. Jingyuan Zhao
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  3. Xuan Ma
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  4. Li Han
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  5. Yanyu Liu
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  7. Yuejing Gao
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Correspondence to Jingyuan Zhao.

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Xin, K., Zhao, J., Ma, X. et al. Effect of urban underlying surface on PM2.5 vertical distribution based on UAV in Xi’an, China. Environ Monit Assess 193, 312 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09044-8

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