Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of the impact of heterogeneous environmental pollutants on benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality by long-term monitoring of the buyuk menderes river basin

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Biomonitoring is a significant method for evaluating aquatic life forms and their environments. The longer the process continues, the results of it become more precise. Benthic macroinvertebrates’ exposure to changes in environmental conditions makes them an important part of any biomonitoring program. This paper reviews a long-term water quality of the Buyuk Menderes River Basin which is the biggest river basin spread across the western Anatolia (Turkey). The study area was divided into three regions (Usak, Aydin, Denizli), primarily considering the provincial borders in the basin. A total of 40 sampling sites from the main river and its tributaries were selected. The prominent agricultural and industrial pollutants (textile, tannery and sugar factories) from each region have been taken into account. The most common and current biotic indices (BMWP Spanish version, ASPT, RBPIII, MMIF, EPT%, Diversity and Evenness) based on the pollution tolerance of benthic macroinvertebrates have been used to track water quality changes. The relationships between environmental variables (sO2, dO2, water temp., salinity, flow, TDS, Cond, pH, NO3-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, Fe+3, NH4-N) and bioindicators have been revealed by using multivariate analyses (NMDS, CCA). The region-based variations in water quality were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The one-way variance analysis test (ANOVA) was used for the contrast between the biotic indices. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found among the regions in terms of Shannon-Wiener, Evenness, BMWP and MMIF indices. Regions were separated according to pollution sources, and the impact of provinces on water quality may vary according to their industry types. It has been observed that pollutants can spread across a basin for very long distances and reinstatement of the environmental conditions may require long periods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akay, E., & Dalkiran, N. (2019). Assessing biological water quality of Yalakdere stream (Yalova, Turkey) with benthic macroinvertebrate-based metrics. Biologia, 75, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00387-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akyildiz, G. K., Recep, B., Polat, S., & Duran, M. (2018). Mentum deformities of chironomid larvae as an indicator of environmental stress in Buyuk Menderes River. Turkey. Inland Water Biology, 11(4), 515–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belfiore, C. (1983). Efemerottori (Ephemeroptera). Promozione Della Qualita Dell’ambiante, AQ./1/201.

  • Bertoncin, A. P., Pinha, G., Baumgartner, M., & Mormul, R. (2018). Extreme drought events can promote homogenization of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in a floodplain pond in Brazil. Hydrobiologia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3756-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birk, S., Willby, N. J., Kelly, M. G., Bonne, W., Borja, A., Poikane, S., & van de Bund, W. (2013). Intercalibrating classifications of ecological status: Europe’s quest for common man-agement objectives for aquatic ecosystems. Science of The Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BMBPPAP. (2016). Buyuk Menderes Basin Pollution Prevention Action Plan (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.

    Google Scholar 

  • BMRBMP. (2018). Buyuk Menderes River Basin Management Plan (in Turkish), OUT_27_2.2.9_RBMP_Final_BM_TR_V00_R06, EuropeAid/134561/D/SER/TR, TR2011/0327.21–05–01–001.

  • Bohmer, J., Rawer-Jost, C., Zenker, A., Meier, C., Feld, C., Biss, R., & Hering, D. (2004). Assessing streams in Germany with benthic invertebrates: development of a multimetric invertebrate based assessment system. Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 34(4), 416–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(04)80010-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton, A. J. (2003). Parallels and contrasts in the effects of drought on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages. Freshwater Biology, 48(7), 1173–1185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carballo, R., Cancela, J. J., Iglesias, G., Marín, A., Neira, X., & Cuesta, T. (2008). WFD indicators and definition of the ecological status of rivers. Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9379-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carone, M. T., Simoniello, T., Manfreda, S., & Caricato, G. (2009). Watershed influence on fluvial ecosystems: An integrated methodology for river water quality management. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0319-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, N. M., Crossland, M. R., & Pearson, R. G. (2004). Effect of low dissolved oxygen on survival, emergence, and drift of tropical stream macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023%3c0251:EOLDOO%3e2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M. E., Pinder, L. C. V., Reiss, F. (1989). The adult males of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the holarctic region—Keys and diagnoses. In Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica scandinavica, 34 (Supplement).

  • Cuppen, H., & Tempelman, D. (2018). Identification key for the 4th stage larvae of northwest European species of Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Lauterbornia, 85, 69–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dates, G. (1994). Monitoring for phosphorus or how come they don't tell you this stuff in the manual? Volunteer Monitor, 6(1).

  • De Pauw, N., Ghetti, P. F., Manzini, P., & Spaggiari, R. (1992). Biological assessment methods for running water. In P. J. Newman, M. A. Piavaux, & R. A. Sweeting (Eds.), River water quality ecological assessment and control (pp. 217–249). Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirsoy, A. (1982). Türkiye faunası (Odonata). Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK), TBAG Seri No:28, Tübitak yayınları No:508, Ankara.

  • Dugel, M., & Kazanci, N. (2004). Assessment of water quality of the Buyuk Menderes River (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 19(4), 605–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duran, M. (2006). Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of the Behzat Stream (Tokat, N TURKEY). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(5), 709–717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duran, M., & Suiçmez, M. (2007). Utilization of both macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters for evaluating water quality of the Stream Çekerek (Tokat, Turkey). Journal of Environmental Science, 28(2), 231–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duran, M., Tüzen, M., & Kayım, M. (2003). Exploration of biological richness and water quality of stream Kelkit. Tokat-Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12(4), 368–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durmaz, E., Kocagoz, R., Bilacan, E., Orhan, H. (2016). Metal pollution in biotic and abiotic samples of the Buyuk Menderes River, Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 4274–4283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6417-7.

  • Elliot, J. M., Humpesch, U. M., Macan, T. T. (1988). Larvae of the British Ephemeroptera: A Key With Ecologycal Notes. Freshwater Biological Association.

  • Epler, J. (2001). Identification manual for the larval chironomidae (diptera) of North and South Carolina, FEBS Letters.

  • Epler, J. H. (1992). Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 427p.

  • Ferreira, V., Graca, M. A. S., Feio, M. J., & Mieiro, C. (2004). Water quality in the Mondego river basin: Pollution and habitat heterogeneity. Limnetica, 23(3–4), 295–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fialkowski, W., Kłonowska-Olejnik, M., Smith, B., Rainbow, P. (2003). Mayfly larvae (Baetis rhodani and B. vernus) as biomonitors of trace metal pollution in streams of a catchment draining a zinc and lead mining area of Upper Silesia, Poland. Environmental pollution, 121(2), 253–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00214-2

  • Gabriels, W., Lock, K., Pauw, N., & Goethals, P. (2010). Multimetric macroinvertebrate index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders (Belgium). Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2009.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgudaki, I. J., Kantzaris, V., Katharios, P., Kaspiris, P., Georgiadis, Th., & Montesantou, B. (2003). An application of different bioindicators for assessing water quality: A case study in the rivers Alfeios and Pineios (Peloponnisos. Ecological Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00004-9

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gerritsen, J., Carlson, R. E., Dycus, D. L., Faulkner, C., Gibson, G. R., Harcum, J., & Markowitz, S. A. (1998). Lake and reservoir bioassessment and biocriteria. technical guidance document. US environmental Protection Agency, EPA 841-B-98–007.

  • Gilbert, B., Dillon, P., Somers, K., Reid, R., & Scott, L. (2008). Response of benthic macroinvertebrate communities to El Niño related drought events in six upland streams in South-Central Ontario. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 65, 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1139/f08-057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gita, S., Hussan, A., & Choudhury, T. G. (2017). Impact of textile dyes waste on aquatic environments and its treatment. Environment & Ecology, 35(3C), 2349–2353.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRBMP. (2018). Gediz River Basin Management Plan (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Water Management.

  • Hellawell, J. M. (1986). Biological indicator of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Janas, U., Malgorzata, P., Dagmara, L. (2013) Temperature and salinity requirements of Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 and Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1837. Do they explain the occurrence and expansion of prawns in the Baltic Sea? Marine Biology Research, 9, 293-300, https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2012.739699

  • Jeffries, M., & Mills, D. (1990). Freshwater ecology: principles and applications. John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karaman, G. S. (1973). Contribution to the knowledge of the amphipoda. Some new or veryinteresting Gammarus species from southern Europa and Asia minor. Polyoprivreda I.Sumarstvo, XIX(3), 1- 42.

  • Kazanci, N. (1985). Gümüşhane, Erzurum, Erzincan, Artvin, Kars illerinde Ephemeroptera (insecta) takımı nimflerin ve erginlerin sistematik yönden incelenmesi. PhD Thesis, Hacettepe University, Institute of Science.

  • Kazanci, N. (1990). Drunella karia n.sp, a second species of the genus Drunella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) from Turkey. Hydrobiologia, 199, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazanci, N., Turkmen, G., Basoren, O., & Ekingen, P. (2016). TR-BMWP (Turkish-BMWP) biotic index. Review of Hydrobiology, 9, 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koc, C. A. (2010). Study on the pollution and water quality modeling of the river Buyuk Menderes, Turkey. Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 38(12), 1169–1176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenat, D. R. (1988). Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7(3), 222–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. J. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macan, T. T. (1979). A key to the nymphs of the British species of Ephemeroptera with sotes on their ecology. Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association.

  • Mandaville, S. M. (2002). Benthic macroinvertebrates in freshwaters-taxa tolerance values, metrics, and protocols. Soil and Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax.

  • Masese, F., & Raburu, P. (2017). Improving the performance of the EPT Index to accommodate multiple stressors in Afrotropical streams. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 42, 219–233. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2017.1392282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mereta, S. T., Boets, P., De Meester, L., & Goethals, P. L. M. (2013). Development of a multimetric index based on benthic macroinvertebrates for the assessment of natural wetlands in Southwest Ethiopia. Ecological Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe, J. L. (1989). Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: History and present status in Europe. Environmental Pollution, 60(1–2), 101–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morse, J. C. (1983). Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Trichoptera, South Carolina. Junk Publishers.

  • Nedeau, E., Merritt, R., Kaufman, M. (2003). The effect of an industrial effluent on an urban stream benthic community: Water quality vs. habitat quality. Environmental Pollution, 123(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00363-9.

  • Nilsson, A. (1996). Aquatic insects of North Europe (a taxonomic handbook) (Vol. I). Apollo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, A. (1997). Aquatic insects of North Europe (a taxonomic handbook) (Vol. II). Apollo Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ofenbock, T., Moog, O., Gerritsen, J., & Barbour, M. (2004). A stressor specific multimetric approach for monitoring running waters in Austria using benthic macro-invertebrates. Hydrobiologia, 516, 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025269.74061.f9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, R., McGlinn, D., et al. (2019). Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.5–6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan

  • Payakka ,A., Prommi, T. (2014). Aquatic insects biodiversity and water quality parameters of receiving water body. Current World Environment, https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.1.08

  • Phillips, G. & Pitt, J. (2015). A comparison of European freshwater nutrient boundaries used for the water framework directive: report to ECOSTAT. Retrieved January 10, 2021, https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/58a2363a-c5f1-442f-89aa-5cec96ba52d7.

  • Pirvu, M., & Pacioglu, O. (2012). The ecological requirements of caddisflies larvae (Insecta: Trichoptera) and their usefulness in water quality assessment of a river in south-west Romania. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2012029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plafkin, J. L., Barbour, M. T., Porter, K. D., Gross, S. K., Hughes R. M. (1989). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C. EPA 440–4–89–001.

  • Povilaitis, A. (2004). Phosphorus trends in Lithuanian rivers affected by agricultural non-point pollution. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 4(3), 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.

  • Rosenberg, D. M., & Resh, V. H. (1993). Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumbos, C., & Kungolos, A. (2014). Evaluation of water quality of a mountainous stream (Pelion, Central Greece) using benthic macroinvertebrates. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(11), 2904–2908.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saether, O. A. (1971). Notes on general morphology and terminology of the Chironomidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomology, 103, 1237–1260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şahin, Y. (1991). Türkiye chironomidae potamofaunası (Chironomidae potamofauna of Turkey). Tubitak, project no:TBAG-869, VHAG-347, TBAG-669, TBAG-79.

  • Salako, V., Adebanji, A., Glele, K., & Romain, L. (2012). On the empirical performance of non-metric multidimensional scaling in vegetation studies. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 36(6), 54–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saranraj, P., & Stella, D. (2014). Impact of sugar mill effluent to environment and bioremediation: A review. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(3), 299–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D. W. (1997). Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems in North America. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1043–1067. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8%3c1043::AID-HYP517%3e3.0.CO;2-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, E. U., & Stainton, M. P. (1996). The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(5), 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.1004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, P. E. (1993). A key to the larval Chironomidae and their instars from Austrian Danube region streams and rivers with particular reference to a numerical taxonomic approach. Part I. Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Orthocladiinae. Wasser und Abwasser, Suplementary, 3(93), 1–514.

  • Shock, C., & Pratt, K. (2003). Phosphorus effects on surface water quality and phosphorus TMDL development. Western Nutritent Management Conference. Salt Lake City. UT., 5, 211–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solak, C., & Acs, E. (2011). Water quality monitoring in European and Turkish rivers using diatoms. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2011.0218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solheim, A. L., Globevnik, L., Austnes, K., Kristensen, P., Moe, S. J., Persson, J., Phillips, G., Poikane, S., Bund, W., & Birk, S. (2019a). A new broad typology for rivers and lakes in Europe: Development and application for large-scale environmental assessments. Science of The Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solimini, A. G., Gulia, P., Monfrinotti, M., & Carchini, G. (2000). Performance of different biotic indices and sampling methods in assessing water quality in the lowland stretch of the Tiber River. Hydrobiologia. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017090804460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solimini, A. G., Tarallo, G. A., & Carchini, G. (1997). Life history and species composition of the damselfly assemblage along the urban tract of a river in central Italy. Hydrobiologia, 356(1–3), 21–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, M. W., Huang, P., Li, F., Zhang, H., Xie, K. Z., Wang, X. H., & He, G. X. (2011). Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China: implications from multivariate statistical analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172(1), 589–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sporka, F., Pastuchová, Z., Hamerlík, L., Dobiašová, M., & Beracko, P. (2009). Assessment of running waters (Slovakia) using benthic macroinvertebrates—Derivation of ecological quality classes with respect to altitudinal gradients. Biologia, 64(6), 1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0201-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spyra, A., Kubicka, J., & Strzelec, M. (2017). The use of biological indices for the assessment of the river quality (Ruda River, Poland). Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S., 24(2), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutgibi, S. (2015). Variations and trends in temperature, precipitation and stream-flow series in the Buyuk Menderes River Basin. Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 31, 398–414. https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.36029.

  • Tanatmıs, M., (1993). Sakarya Nehir Sistemi Ephemeroptera Faunasının Tespiti ve Yayılışları, Eskisehir.

  • Thorne, R. S., & Williams, W. P. (1997). The response of benthic macroinvertebrates to pollution in developing countries: A multimetric system of bioassessment. Freshwater Biology. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00181.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorp, J. H., & Rogers, D. C. (2016). Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates, Keys to Nearctic Fauna (4th ed.). Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timm, T. (1990). A guide to the Estonian Annelida. Estonian Academy Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, G., Felten, V., & Guérold, F. (2009). Life cycle strategies of Baetis species (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) in acidified streams and implications for recovery. Fundamental and Appllied Limnology, 174(3), 227–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiziano, B., Doretto, A., Laini, A., Bona, F., & Fenoglio, S. (2016). Biomonitoring with macroinvertebrate communities in Italy: What happened to our past and what is the future? Journal of Limnology. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varnosfaderany, M. N., Ebrahimi, E., Mirghaffary, N., & Safyanian, A. (2010). Biological assessment of the Zayandeh Rud River, Iran, using benthic macroinvertebrates. Limnologica – Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 40(3), 226–232.

  • Washington, H. G. (1984). Diversity, biotic and similarity indices. A review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Water Research, 18(6), 653–694.

  • Weber-Scannell, P., & Duffy, L. (2007). Effects of total dissolved solids on aquatic organisms: A review of literature and recommendation for salmonid species. American Journal of Environmental Sciences., 3(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2007.1.6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WFD. (2000). European Commission, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23rd October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Communities L327/1 (Brussels). Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html

  • WHO. (1996). Guidelines for drinking-water quality 2 2 Health criteria and other supporting information

  • Yesilirmak, E., & Anac, S. (2008). Water quality parameters of Buyuk Menderes river. Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4), 2882–2890.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamora-Munoz, C., & Alba-Tercedor, J. (1996). Bioassessment of organically Spanish rivers, using a biotic index and multivariate methods. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(3), 332–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., Karakaş, B., Özgül, S. (2014). Turkish Journal of Zoology The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Değirmendere Stream (Isparta, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1310-9

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey

    Gurcay Kivanc Akyildiz & Mustafa Duran

Authors
  1. Gurcay Kivanc Akyildiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mustafa Duran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gurcay Kivanc Akyildiz.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akyildiz, G.K., Duran, M. Evaluation of the impact of heterogeneous environmental pollutants on benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality by long-term monitoring of the buyuk menderes river basin. Environ Monit Assess 193, 280 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08981-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08981-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation