Abstract
Ajali River near some beverage industries was assessed. Eleven physicochemical parameters and six heavy metals (copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, chromium, and lead) were analyzed on water and sediment collected from different locations near three beverage industries. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical parameters while heavy metals were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The health risk assessment of the water samples were estimated by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ), total hazard index (THI), and the probability cancer risk (PCR) of the heavy metals. Results showed that the concentrations of some heavy metal and physicochemical properties were slightly impaired compared to permissible standards. However, cadmium in water (0.56–11.34 mg/L) and sediments (2.81–481.40 mg/kg) samples were above the recommended limit, indicating possible cadmium pollution in the study area. The water quality index values showed that some of the sampled locations had poor (53.43–134.90%) water quality. The risk assessment of the water samples revealed that HQ for Cu, Zn, Fe, and Cr were of no probable risk (HQ < 1) while Cd (HQ = 173–438) were of probable risk. THI of the water samples showed probable risk (THI > 1) resulting from the high percentage contribution of Cd (94.13 to 99.95%). The probability carcinogenic risk assessment for adults (Cd-7.14 × 10–2, Cr-1.43 × 10−4) and children (Cd-1.66 × 10–1 and Cr-3.34 × 10–4) were significantly harmful. Even though the presence of these industries could encourage more economic activities in the area, there is need for the relevant agencies to enforce effective treatment and proper management of wastes especially cadmium, to safeguard this water source for the rural dwellers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamu, C. I., Nganje, T. N., & Edet, A. (2014). Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment associated with abandoned barite mines in Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria. Nanotechnology Monitoring Managment, Environmental, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2014.11.001.
Association of Analytical Communities International. (2002). Method Validation Programs. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: Peer Verified Programs.
Akamiwor, I. O., Anosike, E. O., & Egwim, O. (2007). Effect of industrial effluent discharge on microbial properties of the new Calabar River. Scientific Research and Essays, 2(1), 1–5.
Aleke, C. G., Okogbue, C. O., Aghamelu, O. P., & Nnaji, N. J. (2016). Hydrogeological potential and qualitative assessment of groundwater from the Ajali Sandstone at Ninth mile area, southeastern Nigeria. Environmental Earth Science, 75, 290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4843-3.
Aloa, O., Arojojoye, O., Ogunlaja, O., & Fumuyiwa, A. (2010). Impact assessment of brewery effluent on water quality in Majawe, Ibadan. Southwestern Nigeria. Researcher, 2(5), 21–28.
Alum, O. L., & Okoye, C. O. B. (2020). Pollution status of major rivers in an agricultural belt in Eastern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08366-3.
APHA, (1998). Standard Methods of Water and Waste Water Examination. 16th Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC, USA.
APHA. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (21st ed.). Washington DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation.
ASTM. (1991). Standard Specification for Reagent Water, Philadelphia, PA. Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards, 11.01 D1193–77.
Azrina, H. E., Khoo, M. A., Idris, I. A., & Razman, M. R. (2011). Major inorganic elements in tap water samples in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 17(2), 271–276.
Breweries of Europe. (2002). Guidance note for establishing the best available technique (BAT) in the brewery industry. Brewers of Europe, 7, 14–38.
Binbin, W., Wang, G., Jin, W., Qing, F., & Changming, L. (2014). Sources of heavy metals in surface sediments and an ecological risk assessment from two adjacent plateau reservoirs. PLoS One, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102101.
Cai, L. M., Wang, Q. S., Luo, J., Chen, L. G., Zhu, R. L., Wang, S., & Tang, C. H. (2019). Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment for children near a large Cu-smelter in central China. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 725–733.
Cao, S., Duan, X., Zhao, X., Ma, J., Dong, T., Huang, N., & Wei, F. (2014). Health risks from the exposure of children to As, Se, Pb and other heavy metals near the largest coking plant in China. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.124.
Chauhan, J. S., Badwal, T., & Badola, N. (2020). Assessment of potability of spring water and its health implication in a hilly village of Uttarakhand. India. Applied Water Science, 10, 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-1159-6.
Chaterji, C., & Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Rainganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 1(2), 181–189.
Chien, L. C., Hung, T. C., Choang, K. Y., Yeh, C. Y., Meng, P. J., Shieh, M. J., & Han, B. C. (2002). Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and as for fishermen in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 285(1), 177–185.
CCME. (1995). Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Protocol for the derivation of Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. CCME EPC-98E. Prepared by Environment Canada, Guidelines Division, Technical Secretariat of the CCME Task Group on Water Quality Guidelines, Ottawa.
Dawodu, F. A., & Ajanaku, K. O. (2008). Evaluation of the effects of brewery effluents disposal on public water bodies in Nigeria. Terrestrial and Aquatic Environmental Toxicology, 2(1), 10–14.
Dissmeyer, G. E. (2000). Drinking water from Forests and Grasslands (p. 246). USDA Forest Service, Ashville, NC, USA: South Research Station.
Du, Y., Gao, B., Zhou, H., Ju, X., Hao, H., & Yin, S. (2013). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18, 299–309.
Dimowo, B. O. (2013). Assessment of some physicochemical parameters of River Ogun (Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria) in comparison with national and international standard. International Journal of Aquaculture, 3(15), 79–84.
Egbueri, J. C. (2018). Assessment of the quality of groundwaters proximal to dumpsites in Awka and Nnewi metropolises: a comparative approach. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 2(1–4), 33–48.
Egbueri, J. C. (2020). Groundwater quality assessment using pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA): a case study. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10, 100292.
Egbueri, J. C., & Mgbenu, C. N. (2020). Chemometric analysis for pollution source identification and human health risk assessment of water resources in Ojoto Province, southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 10(4), 1–18.
Egbueri, J. C. (2019). Water quality appraisal of selected farm provinces using integrated hydrogeochemical, multivariate statistical, and microbiological technique. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 5(3), 997–1013.
Egbueri, J. C. (2020a). Heavy metals pollution source identification and probabilistic health risk assessment of shallow groundwater in Onitsha, Nigeria. Analytical Letters. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2020.1712606.
Egbueri, J. C. (2020b). Signatures of contamination, corrosivity and scaling in natural waters from a fast-developing suburb (Nigeria): Insights into their suitability for industrial purposes. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00597-1.
Egwuonwu, C. C., Uzojie, A. P., Okafor, V. C., Ezeanya, N. C., & Nwachukwu, M. U. (2012). Evaluation of the effects of industrial wastewater discharge on surface water: A case study of Nigeria Breweries PLC. Enugu. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(3), 46–63.
Ekere N. R., Agbazue V. E., Ngang, B. U., Ihedioha, J. N. (2019). Hydrochemistry and Water Quality Index of groundwater resources in Enugu north district, Enugu, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7271-0.
Egboka, B. C. E., & Onyebueke, F. O. (1990). Acute hydrogeological problems vis-s-vis planning and management of a developing economy: a case study of Enugu area, Nigeria. Water Resources J (NAH), 2(1), 43–55.
Etim, E. E., Odoh, R., Itodo, A. U., Umoh, S. D., & Lawal, U. (2013). Water quality index for the assessment of water quality from different sources in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Frontiers in Science, 3(3), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.fs.20130303.02.
Fakayode, S. O. (2005). Impact assessment of industrial effluent on water quality of the receiving Alaro River in Ibadan. Ageam-Ragel, 10, 1–3.
Heydari, M. M., & Bidgoli, H. N. (2012). Chemical analysis of drinking water of Kashan District. Central Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(6), 799–805.
Ibekwe, V. I., Nwaiwu, O. I., & Offorbuike, J. O. (2004). Bacteriology and physicochemical qualities of wastewater from a bottling company in Owerri, Nigeria. Global of Environmental Sciences, 3, 51–54.
Ifediegwu, I. S., Onyabor, C. F., & Nnamani, C. M. (2019). Geochemical evaluation of carbonate aquifers in Ngbo and environs, Ebonyi State, Southeastern. Nigeria. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment., 646, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00646-3.
Imoobe, T. O. T., & Okoye, P. I. (2011). Assessment of the impact of effluent from a soft drink processing factory on the physico-chemical parameters of Eruvbi stream Benin City, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 126–134.
Jaishankar, M., Mathew, B. B., Shah, M. S., & Gowda, K. R. S. (2014). Biosorption of few heavy metal ions using agricultural wastes. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 2(1), 1–6.
Karimpour, M., & Shariat, M. A. (2007). A study of heavy metals in drinking water network in Hamadan city in 1994. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 7(17), 47–44.
Katsoyiannis, I. A., & Zouboulis, A. I. (2013). Removal of uranium from contaminated drinking water: A mini review of available treatment methods. Desalination and Water Treatment, 51(13–15), 2915–2925.
Kumar, M., & Puri, A. (2012). A review of permissible limits of drinking water. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 16(1), 40–44.
Mason, C. F. (2002). Biology of freshwater pollution (4th ed). Essex University England, 387.
Nnaji A. C. (2012). Environmental impact of industrial activities in Enugu Nigeria: A case study of Emenite limited ultra paint and floxy chemical industry limited. A thesis submitted to the centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus.
Naveedullah, M., Hashmi, Z., Yu, C., Shen, H., Duan, D., Shen, C., et al. (2014). Concentrations and human health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in surface water of the siling reservoir watershed in Zhejiang Province China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(3), 801–811.
NESREA. (2009). National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Regulations, 96, 65.
NESREA. (2011). National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency National Environmental (Surface and Ground water Quality Control). Regulations- Effluent discharges, irrigation and reuse standards.
NCM. (2013). Nordic Council of Ministers: Cadmium Review.
Nnorom, I. C., Ewuzie, U., & Eze, S. O. (2019). Multivariate statistical approach and water quality assessment of natural springs and other drinking water sources in Southeastern Nigeria. Heliyon, 5, e01123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01123.
Nollet, L. M. L. (2000). Hand book of water analysis. Marcel Dekker, New York., 921, 8247–8433.
Nwajide, C. S. (2006). Anambra Basin of Nigeria: synoptic basin analysis as a basis for evaluating its hydrocarbon prospectivity. In C. O. Okogbue (Ed.), Hydrocarbon Potentials of the Anambra Basin (pp. 1–34). Nsukka: Great AP Express.
Ogbu, K. C., Ebenebe, C. I., & Abajue, M. C. (2016). Physico-chemical characteristics of AMA brewery effluent and its receiving Ajali River in Udi, Enugu State. Nigeria. Animal Research International, 13(2), 2392–2399.
Ogbeibu, A. E., & Anagboso, M. U. (2004). Baseline limnological investigation of the Utor river in Esan Southeast, Edo State, Southern Nigeria. 1: Physical and chemical hydrology. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 12(13):45–62.
Oluwasola, H. O., Oluoye, O., Bashir, S. M., Odewole, O. A., Abugu, H. O., Akpomie, K. G., et al. (2021). Geochemical and health risk assessment of heavy metals concentration in soils around Oke-Ere mining area in Kogi State. Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1862817.
Onuoha, K. M., & Mbazi, F. C. C. (1988). Aquifer transmissivity from electrical sounding data: The case of Ajali Sandstone aquifers southeastern part of Enugu, Nigeria. In C. O. Ofoegbu (Ed.), Groundwater and mineral resources of Nigeria (pp. 17–30). German: Vieweg.
Olorode, O. A., & Fagade, O. E. (2012). Compassion between a brewery effluent and its receiving stream in Ibadan based on their physical, chemical and microbiological analysis. InternationalEJournal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(2), 293–299.
Patil, P. N. (2012). Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water – A review. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3, 3–6.
Radio Nigeria, Enugu. (2017). Health crisis looms in Enugu state as industries dump toxic waste in Ajali river. http://radionigeriaenugu.com/uncategorized/health-crisis-looms-in-enugu-state-as-industries-dump-toxic-waste-in-ajali-river/.
Rahmanian, N., Siti, H. B. A., Homayoonfard, M., Ali, N. J., Rehan, M., Sadef, Y., & Nizami, A. S. (2015). Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Drinking Water Quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/716125
Report of Nigeria’s national population commission on the 2006 census. http://allafrica.com. Accessed 18/5/2020.
Sieber, R., Rehberger, B., Schaller, F., & Gallmann, P. (2006). Technological aspects of copper in milk products and health implications of copper. ALP science No. 493, Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux publisher.
Tepanosyan, G., Sahakyan, L., Belyaeva, O., Asmaryan, S., & Saghatelyan, A. (2018). Continuous impact of mining activities on soil heavy metals levels and human health. Science of the Total Environment, 639, 900–909.
Tuzen, M., & Soylak, M. (2006). Evaluation of metal levels of drinking waters from the Tokat-black sea region of Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(6), 915–919.
Tziritis, E. P., Datta, P. S., & Barzegar, R. (2017). Characterization and assessmentof groundwater resources in a complex hydrological basin of central Greece (Kopaida basin) with the joint use of hydrogeochemical analysis, multivariate statistics and stable isotopes. Aquatic Geochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-017-9322-x.
Ukah, B. U., Ameh, P. D., Agbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O., & Ubido, O. E. (2020). Impact of effluent derived heavy metals on the groundwater quality in Ajao industrial area, Nigeria: an assessment using entropy water quality index (EWQI). International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4, 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00058-5.
Ukah, B. U.., Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O. & Ubido, O. E. (2019). Extent of heavy metals pollution and health risk assessment of groundwater in a densely populated industrial area, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources. https://doi.org/10/1007/s42108-019-00039-3.
UNESCO (2013). An increasing demand, facts and figures, UN-Water, coordinated by UNESCO in collaboration with UNECE and UNDESA. http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/en/.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System (USEPA IRIS) (2006). United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System. http://www.epa.Gov/iris/subst.
US EPA. (1993). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Assoc. US.
US EPA. (2004). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Memorandum: Development and Adoption of Nutrient Criteria into Water Quality Standards. United State Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA. http://dasup.epa.gov/waters/natioal-pept.control#top-Imp. Accessed March 6, 2013.
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1999). A risk assessment—multi way exposure spread sheet calculation tool. Washington: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
US EPA. (2009). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking water contaminants. Washington, DC, USA. Available at: https://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#list.
US EPA. (2003). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Release Inventories, Public Data Release. United State Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA. https://www.epa.gov/.../2003_national. Accessed March 6, 2013.
U. S. EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2000). Risk based concentration table. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. EPA. (2000). Methodology for driving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health (2000). EPA report 822-B-00–004. Washington, DC. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/methodology/index.cfm.
Valko, M., Morris, H., & Cronin, M. T. D. (2005). Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Current medicinal Chemistry, 12(10), 1161–1208.
WHO. (2004). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Sixty-first meeting, Rome, 10–19 June 2003. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Available from http://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/jecfa/jecfa61sc.pdf.
WHO. (2011). Cadmium in drinking-water background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/80/Rev/1 English only.
Weggler, K., McLaughlin, M. J., & Graham, R. D. (2004). Effect of chloride in soil solution on the plant availability of biosolid-borne cadmium. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 496–504.
Wangboje, O. M., & Ekundayo, O. T. (2013). Assessment of heavy metals in surface water of the Ikpoba Reservoir, Benin City. Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 32, 1.
Zhang, T., Xu, W., Lin, X., Yan, H., Ma, M., & He, Z. (2019). Assessment of heavy metals pollution of soybean grains in North Anhui of China. Science of the Total Environment, 646, 914–922.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Egwuonwu, P.F., Ihedioha, J.N., Abugu, H.O. et al. Impact of some beverage industries on the physicochemical characteristics of Ajali River in Enugu, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 193, 136 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08912-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08912-7