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Carcinogenic risks and chemical composition of particulate matter recovered by two methods: wet and dry extraction

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Abstract

Wet and dry extraction methods are two main methods used in toxicological in vitro and in vivo studies to recover particulate matter (PM) from filter papers. The aim of this study was to extract PM by wet and dry extraction methods and compare the elemental content and carcinogenic risks of extracts. PM10 samples were collected using fiberglass filters and a high-volume air sampler. For wet extraction, the method involved agitation in water, sonication in water bath, and agitation again. For dry extraction, the filters were sonicated and the PM was recovered using sweeping by a brush. Elemental composition of extracts was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Excess lifetime cancer risks (ELCR) of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb in extracts were estimated. The average recovery efficiency (%) of dry and wet extraction methods were 36.8% and 58.5%, respectively. The average elemental concentration that resulted from dry and wet methods was calculated to be 2.27 and 1.26 μg/m3, respectively. The total ELCR of all heavy metals in both methods exceeds the 1 × 10−6 limit. However, the total ELCR of heavy metals that resulted from the dry method was higher than that from the wet method. In conclusion, the dry method showed to be more effective to recover a representative extract from the filter. This can ultimately lead to a realistic and robust response in toxicological studies. However, a toxicological comparison between the extracts of these two methods is required.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Tehran University of Medical Sciences for the financial support.

Funding

This study was funded by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mostafa Hadei & Kazem Naddafi

  2. Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

    Zahra Aboosaedi

  3. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Square, Tehran, Iran

    Kazem Naddafi

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  1. Mostafa Hadei
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  2. Zahra Aboosaedi
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  3. Kazem Naddafi
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Correspondence to Kazem Naddafi.

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Hadei, M., Aboosaedi, Z. & Naddafi, K. Carcinogenic risks and chemical composition of particulate matter recovered by two methods: wet and dry extraction. Environ Monit Assess 192, 213 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8156-y

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