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Probabilistic human health risk assessment associated with fluoride and arsenic co-occurrence in drinking water from the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosí, Mexico

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Abstract

A major public health concern in Mexico is the natural contamination of groundwater with fluoride and arsenic. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the magnitude of human health risk after determining fluoride and arsenic concentrations in groundwater samples (n = 50) from the Metropolitan area of the city of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Fluoride levels in water were determined via a potentiometric method using an ion-selective electrode. Arsenic concentrations in water samples were determined with an Atomic Absorption technique. Subsequently, a probabilistic health risk assessment was developed (Monte Carlo Analysis). Fluoride levels in water ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/L. For arsenic, the mean level found in the assessed water samples was 15.5 ± 5.50 μg/L (range: 2.50–30.0 μg/L). In addition, when the probabilistic health risk assessment was completed, a mean HI (cumulative hazardous index) of higher than 1 was detected, indicating a high NCR (non-carcinogenic risk) for children and adults. According to the results found in this study, exposure protection campaigns are imperative in the Metropolitan area of the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, to successfully diminish exposure to arsenic and fluoride and, as a consequence, decrease the NCR in the population living in that region of Mexico.

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Funding

This work was financed by a grant from: Programa Para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (PRODEP), Secretaria de Educación Pública (SEP), Apoyo a la reincorporación de ex-becarios 2018, No. De proyecto; UAZ-EXB-400, 511-6/2019.-1007.

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  1. Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Juan C. Fernández-Macias, Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez, Sandra T. Orta-García, José A. Varela-Silva & Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado

  2. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Juan C. Fernández-Macias, Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez, Sandra T. Orta-García, José A. Varela-Silva & Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado

  3. Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico

    José A. Varela-Silva

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  1. Juan C. Fernández-Macias
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Fernández-Macias, J.C., Ochoa-Martínez, Á.C., Orta-García, S.T. et al. Probabilistic human health risk assessment associated with fluoride and arsenic co-occurrence in drinking water from the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 192, 712 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08675-7

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