Abstract
Surface water is one of the primary sources for drinking, irrigation, and industrial activities in Ergene River, Turkey. However, its quality has deteriorated due to the point and non-point pollution sources. Therefore, an appropriate assessment of surface water quality is very important. Water quality classification is calculated separately for each quality parameter in Turkey. An overall assessment of surface water quality is essential for water management. In this study, self-organizing maps (SOMs) and fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) methods have been used for assessing surface water quality in the Ergene River. Seven water quality parameters have been considered as important indicators to evaluate water quality status in 7 observation points located in the river, covering the period from 1985 to 2013.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akın, M, & Akın, G. (2007). Suyun önemi, Türkiye’de Su Potansiyeli, Su Havzaları ve Su Kirliliği, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi.
Araghinejad, S. (2014). Data-driven modeling: using MATLAB in water resources and environmental engineering, Water Science and Technology Library,Springer,67.
Bayrak Yilmaz, G. (2011). Yüzey Sularında Uzun Süreli Besi Yüklerinin Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Ergene Havzası Örneǵi.
Bilgin, A., & Konanç, M U. (2016). Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal pollution of Coruh River basin Turkey by multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(12), 1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5821-0.
ÇŞB. (2014). Ergene Havzasi Su Kalitesi Izleme Raporu Ilkbahar Dönemi 2014, T.C. cCEVRE VE Sehircilik BAKANLIuGI.
Cereghino, R., & Park, Y-S. (2009). Review of The self-organizing map (SOM) approach in water resources: commentary. Environmental Modelling & Software, 24(8), 945–947.
Chon, T-S. (2011). Self-organizing maps applied to ecological sciences. Ecological informatics, 6(1), 50–61. Special Issue: 5th Anniversary.
Deniz, S. (2014). Gerçek Zamanlı İzleme Sistemleri: Meriç-Ergene Örnek Çalışması, T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı.
Evsahibioğlu, A N, Çakmak, B, & Aküzüm, A. (2010). Su Yönetimi, Su Kullanım Stratejileri ve Sınırı Aşan Sular. TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 1, 119–134.
Gökdemir, Y. (2006). Ergene Nehrindeki Ağır Metallerin Ekstraksiyon Metodu İle Tayini, Master’s Thesis, Trakya Üniversitesi.
Hallı, M. (2013). Ergene Nehri’nin Ege Denizi’ne Olan Kirlilik Etkisinin Güncel Çökel Jeokimyası ve Sedimentolojik Yöntemlerle Araştırılması, MastersThesis, Istanbul Universitesi , Deniz Bilimleri ve Işletmeciliǵi Enstitüsü.
İşçen, C F, Altın, A, Şenoğlu, B, & Yavuz, H S. (2009). Evaluation of surface water quality characteristics by using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Euphrates river basin, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 151 (1), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0267-9.
Juntunen, P., Liukkonen, M., Lehtola, M., & Hiltunen, Y. (2013). Cluster analysis by self-organizing maps: an application to the modelling of water quality in a treatment process. Applied Soft Computing, 13(7), 3191–3196. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494613000483.
Kalteh, A M, Hjorth, P., & Berndtsson, R. (2008). Review of The self-organizing map (SOM) approach in water resources: analysis, modelling and application. Environmental Modelling and Software, 23(7), 835–845 (English). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.10.001.
Kohonen, T. (1998). The self-organizing map. Neurocomputing, 21(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-2312(98)00030-7.
Kohonen, T. (2014). Matlab implementations and applications of the self-organizing map, Unigrafia Oy, Helsinki, Finland.
Lu, R-S, & Lo, S-L. (2002). Diagnosing reservoir water quality using self-organizing maps and fuzzy theory. Water Research, 36(9), 2265–2274.
Najafzadeh, M., Ghaemi, A., & Emamgholizadeh, S. (2018). Prediction of water quality parameters using evolutionary computing-based formulations. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 6377–6396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2049-4.
Saglam Ordu, S. (2005). Ergene Havzasında Yüzeysel Su Kirlenmesinin Çevre Bilgi Sistemi Yardımıyla İzlenmesi ve Kontrol Yöntemlerinin Geliştirilmesi, PhdThesis, Yildiz Teknik Üniversitesi.
Salski, A. (2007). Fuzzy clustering of fuzzy ecological data. Ecological Informatics, 2, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2007.07.002.
Singh, A P, Dhadse, K., & Ahalawat, J. (2019). Managing water quality of a river using an integrated geographically weighted regression technique with fuzzy decision-making model. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(6), 378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7487-z.
Vesanto, J., Himberg, J., Alhoniemi, E., & Parhankangas., J. (2000). SOM toolbox for Matlab 5, technical report a57, Helsinki University of Technology, NeuralNetworks Research Centre.
Voyslavov, T., Tsakovski, S., & Simeonov, V. (2012). Surface water quality assessment using self-organizing maps and Hasse diagram technique. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 118, 280–286. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169743912001244.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orak, E., Akkoyunlu, A. & Can, Z.S. Assessment of water quality classes using self-organizing map and fuzzy C-means clustering methods in Ergene River, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 192, 638 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08560-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08560-3