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Assessment of spatial and temporal variations in water quality by the application of multivariate statistical methods in the Kali River, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abstract

The Kali River is a significant source of surface water as well as the main tributary of River Hindon that flows through major cities of western Uttar Pradesh, India. It flows throughout the urban and industrial regions; hence, it carries various amounts of pollutant. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine spatial–temporal variations in river water quality by determining physicochemical variables and heavy metal concentrations at seventeen sampling stations (S1–S17) throughout the river stretch. Various physicochemical variables, namely pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, BOD, COD, TH, TA, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, and PO43− were higher in summer than in winter. The order of mean metal concentrations was Fe > Pb > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd. The relationships among measured physicochemical variables and pollution index were examined. Furthermore, multivariate statistical methods were used to assess spatial–temporal variation in water quality to identify current pollution sources and validate results. Water quality index and comprehensive pollution index indicated that the Kali River was less polluted from S1 to S8. However, downstream sampling sites were polluted. Pollution starts from S9 and drastically increases at and beyond S13 because of effluents from industries and sugar mills in Muzaffarnagar. The study suggests cleaning the downstream region of river to restore human health and flora and fauna in the river ecosystem.

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Abbreviations

CA:

Cluster analysis

CPI:

Comprehensive pollution index

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PI:

Nemerow pollution index

WQI:

Water quality index

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the ICAR-IARI New Delhi for providing research facilities to conduct research successfully. We are also thankful to senior colleagues Dr. Swatantra Kumar Dubey and Dr. Sumit Pal for valuable suggestions and help throughout research accomplished.

Funding

The authors received financial assistance from the National Committee on Plasticulture Applications in Horticulture (NCPAH), Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Agriculture Farmers Welfare, New Delhi.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P., 201313, India

    Gaurav Singh & Tanu Jindal

  2. Water Technology Centre, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Gaurav Singh & Neelam Patel

  3. Chaudhary Mahadeo Prasad Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, U.P., 211002, India

    Prateek Srivastava

  4. Division of Design of Experiments, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Arpan Bhowmik

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  1. Gaurav Singh
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  2. Neelam Patel
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Singh, G., Patel, N., Jindal, T. et al. Assessment of spatial and temporal variations in water quality by the application of multivariate statistical methods in the Kali River, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess 192, 394 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08307-0

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