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Daily variation of heavy metal contamination and its potential sources along the major urban wastewater channel in Kampala, Uganda

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume 191, Article number: 52 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution from untreated industrial wastewater has become a major concern to the environment and public health in many rapidly growing cities in low-income countries. Previous studies on heavy metals of urban wastewater systems have focused on long-term (weekly or seasonal) variations, while only few studies investigated short-term (daily) variation to capture potential bulk discharges. To monitor and enforce wastewater discharge regulations and reduce industrial pollution, a better understanding of the short-term variation of these pollutants and industrial discharge practices is needed. The aim of this study is to assess the daily variation of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters along the major urban wastewater system in Kampala, Uganda. Over 1 week, daily water samples were collected at 16 locations and analyzed for lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) and a range of physicochemical parameters. Additionally, 25 key informant interviews with industries were administered to investigate their potential to contaminate the environment. Among 78 water samples, 29 exceeded the national standards for Pb (> 0.1 mg/L) and one for Hg (> 0.01 mg/L). High daily variation and peak concentrations were detected which are likely due to industries retaining their effluents and discharging them irregularly. Although 24 industries used heavy metals in their manufacturing processes and are likely to discharge heavy metals, only ten industries had a wastewater treatment system in place. Our results show that repeated measurements of heavy metals over short time intervals are needed to capture their high daily variation in an urban wastewater system. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to register industries and to assess their effluent composition in order to select appropriate wastewater management measures.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (grant number 81194938). We want to thank the German Development Cooperation (GIZ) for their thrust and support for this study.

Special thanks go to Catherine, Sammy, and Simon for their diligent work in the field and to Dean for his flexibility with the analysis of the samples. Further, we want to express our gratitude to all people from the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM), the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), and the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) for our fruitful interactions.

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Affiliations

  1. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland

    Dominik Dietler & Guéladio Cissé

  2. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box, 4001, Basel, Switzerland

    Dominik Dietler & Guéladio Cissé

  3. Department of Research and Development, National Water and Sewerage Corporation, P.O. Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda

    Mohammed Babu & Enos Malambala

  4. Makerere University School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda

    Ali A. Halage

  5. University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa

    Samuel Fuhrimann

Authors
  1. Dominik Dietler
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  2. Mohammed Babu
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  3. Guéladio Cissé
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  4. Ali A. Halage
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  5. Enos Malambala
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  6. Samuel Fuhrimann
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Contributions

SF, DD, and GC initiated and elaborated the design of the study in interaction with partners in Uganda. DD, SF, and EM conducted the water sampling in the field in collaboration with MB and AA. EM mapped industries and conducted the key informant interviews. DD and SF undertook data analysis and wrote the manuscript. All the co-authors provided inputs to the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Dominik Dietler.

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Table S1

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Fig. S1

Daily rainfall at the Bugolobi Sewage Treatment Works between December 1 and December 16, 2015. (JPG 32 kb)

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Dietler, D., Babu, M., Cissé, G. et al. Daily variation of heavy metal contamination and its potential sources along the major urban wastewater channel in Kampala, Uganda. Environ Monit Assess 191, 52 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7175-4

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Keywords

  • Environmental pollution
  • Industrial wastewater
  • Lead
  • Mercury
  • Chromium
  • Nakivubo Channel