Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biomonitoring, physico-chemical, and biomarker evaluations of abattoir effluent discharges into the Ogun River from Kara Market, Ogun State, Nigeria, using Clarias gariepinus

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The discharge of untreated effluents into aquatic ecosystems poses potential adverse effects to aquatic organisms. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics of abattoir effluent from Kara Cow Market, Ogun State, Nigeria, surface water and sediments from the Ogun River were evaluated. Fish species and macrobenthic fauna diversity in the river were also examined. Acute toxicity and biochemical and histological studies were investigated in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the effluent over a period of 28 days. Effluent physico-chemical parameters such as ammonia, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids were higher than set limits. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the effluent and sediment were 6.73 mg/L and 8.07 mg/kg, respectively. Tetracycline (an antibiotic administered to the cows at the market) levels in the effluent and surface water were 0.23 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, respectively. Fish species diversity was lower at the test site compared to the reference site. Chironomus spp. and Tubifex tubifex dominated the benthic assemblage at the test site. There were significant changes (p < 0.05) in the biochemical indices but no histological alterations in exposed C. gariepinus after 28 days. The results demonstrate that the effluent poses potential risks to the aquatic organisms and ecosystem services provided by the river. We recommend that environmental regulatory agencies and stakeholders should establish effluent and solid wastes management systems at the market to prevent environmental and public health epidemics within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 6 (clean water and sanitation) and 14 (life below water).

ᅟ

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Figs. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25, 107–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adelegan, J. A. (2002). Environmental policy and slaughterhouse waste in Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the 28th WEDC Conference Kolkata (Calcutta), India, vol 1. (pp. 3–6).

  • Adeogun, A. O. (2012). Impact of industrial effluent on water quality and gill pathology of Clarias gariepinus from Alaro Stream, Ibadan, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 76, 83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adeogun, A. O., Ibor, O. R., & Chukwuka, A. V. (2013). Acute toxicity of abattoir and saw-mill effluents to juvenile-sized Clarias gariepinus. Zoology and Ecology, 23(1), 53–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adeyemo, O. K. (2005). Haematological and histopathological effects of cassava mill effluent in Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 8, 179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajagbe, F. E., Osibona, A. O., & Otitoloju, A. A. (2012). Diversity of the edible fishes of the Lagos lagoon, Nigeria and the public health concerns based on their lead (Pb) content. International Journal Fisheries Aquaculture, 2(3), 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alani, R., & Ukoakonam, F. (2014). Preliminary investigation of the state of pollution of Ogun River at Kara abattoir, near Berger, Lagos. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2, 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alimba, C. G., Ajayi, E. O., Hassan, T. O., Sowunmi, A. A. & Bakare, A. A. (2015). Cytogenotoxicity of abattoir effluent in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) using micronucleus test. Chinese Journal of Biology. Article ID 624524, 6 pages.

  • Andersson, D. I., & Hughes, D. (2014). Microbiological effects of sublethal levels of antibiotics. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12, 465–478.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • APHA/AWWA/WPCF. (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (21th ed.p. 1). New York: APHA, AWWA, WPCR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ates, B., Orun, I., Talas, Z. S., Durmaz, G., & Yilmaz, I. (2008). Effects of sodium selenite on some biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) exposed to Pb2+ and Cu2+. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34, 53–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) (2013). AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals, vol 70 (pp. 102).

  • Ayoade, A. A., Sowunmi, A. A., & Nwachukwu, H. I. (2004). Gill asymmetry in Labeo ogunensis from Ogun River, Southwest Nigeria. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 52(1), 171–175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoola, S. O., & Kuton, M. P. (2009). Seasonal variation in fish abundance and physicochemical parameters of Lagos Lagoon. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3, 149–158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balcazar, J. L., Subirats, J., & Borrego, C. M. (2015). The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6(1216), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banjoo, D. R., & Nelson, P. K. (2005). Improved ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Journal of Chromatography A, 1066(1–2), 9–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bečić, E., Imamović, B., Dedić, M., & Šober, M. (2014). SPE extraction and TLC identification of tetracycline and fluoroquinolone in surface water. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 43, 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi, Y., Wang, J., Pfister, G., Henkelmann, B., Zhu, K., & Schramm, K. W. (2009). Determination of PAH, PCB, and OCP in water from the Three Gorges Reservoir accumulated by semi permeable membrane devices (SPMD). Chemosphere, 75(11), 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borković, S. S., Šaponjić, J. S., Pavlović, S. Z., Blagojević, D. P., Milošević, S. M., Kovacevic, T. B., Radojicic, R. M., Spasic, M. B., Zikic, R. V., & Saicic, Z. S. (2005). The activity of antioxidant defence enzymes in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic Sea. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology - Part C Toxicology Pharmacology, 141(4), 366–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bougnom, B. P., Zongo, C., McNally, A., Ricci, V., Etoa, F. X., Thiele-Bruhn, S., & Piddock, L. J. V. (2019). Wastewater used for urban agriculture in West Africa as a reservoir for antibacterial resistance dissemination. Environmental Research, 168, 14–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, T., Fick, J., Jonsson, M., & Klaminder, J. (2013). Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science, 339(6121), 814–815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carney Almroth, B. C. (2008). Oxidative damage in fish used as biomarkers in field and laboratory studies. PhD Thesis, Goteborg University, 74 pages.

  • Carney Almroth, B., Albertsson, E., Sturve, J., & Forlin, L. (2008). Oxidative stress, evident in antioxidant defences and damage products in rainbow trout caged outside a sewage treatment plant. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 70(3), 370–378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Çok, I., Mazmanci, B., Mazmanci, M. A., Turgut, C., Henkelmann, B., & Schramm, K. W. (2012). Analysis of human milk to assess exposure to PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the vicinity Mediterranean city Mersin, Turkey. Environment International, 40, 63–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daka, E. R., & Ugbomeh, A. P. (2013). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and tissues of the crab, Callinectes pallidus from the Azuabie Creek of the Upper Bonny Estuary in the Niger delta. Resource Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 6, 2594–2600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Graaf, G. & Janssen, H. (1996). Artificial reproduction and pond rearing of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus in Sub-Saharan Africa: A handbook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

  • Diallo, A. A., Bibbal, D., Lo, F. T., Mbengue, M., Sarr, M. M., Diouf, M., Sambe, Y., Kerouredan, M., Alambedji, R., Thiongane, Y., Oswald, E., & Brugere, H. (2017). Prevalence of pathogenic and antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli from effluents of a slaughterhouse and a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Dakar. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 11(25), 1035–1042.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, C., & He, J. (2010). Effect of antibiotics in the environment on microbial populations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 87(3), 925–941.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EGASPIN (Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria) (2002). Environment guidelines and standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria (pp. 279).

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2002). Ecosystem Issues. OAR/National Undersea Research Programme/ G.McFall www.fao.org.

  • FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency) (1991). Interim effluent limitation guidelines in Nigeria for all categories or industries. Limit for discharge into surface water. In: Guidelines and standards for pollution control in Nigeria (pp. 287).

  • Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis. New York, 10022, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grenni, P., Ancona, V., & Caracciolo, A. B. (2018). Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems: A review. Microchemical Journal, 136, 25–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habbu, P. V., Shastry, R. A., Mahadevan, K. M., Joshi, H., & Das, S. K. (2008). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Argyreia speciosa in rats. African Journal Traditional Complementary and Alternatives Medicine, 5(2), 158–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, O., Harper, D. A. T., & Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST: Paleontological statistical package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, H. A. (1998). Origin and development of the biological monitoring working party score system. Water Research, 32(3), 964–968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernando, M., Mezcua, M., Fernández-Alba, A. R., & Barceló, D. (2006). Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta, 69, 334–342.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karadag, H., Fırat, Ö., & Fırat, Ö. (2014). Use of oxidative stress biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio L. for the evaluation of water pollution in Ataturk Dam Lake (Adiyaman, Turkey). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 92(3), 289–293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapworth, D. J., Baran, N., Stuart, M. E., & Ward, R. S. (2012). Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence. Environmental Pollution, 163, 287–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Limbu, S. M., Zhou, L., Sun, S.-X., Zhang, M.-L., & Du, Z.-Y. (2018). Chronic exposure to low environmental concentrations an legal aquaculture doses of antibiotics cause systemic adverse effects in Nile tilapia and provoke differential human health risk. Environment International, 115, 205–219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Lopez, E., Sedeno-Diaz, J. E., Soto, C., & Favari, L. (2011). Responses of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and Na+/K+-ATPase in liver of the fish Goodea atripinnis exposed to Lake Yuriria water. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37, 511–522.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R. (1951). Diversity of species in natural communities. Publications of the Institute of Applied Biology, 6(1), 59–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maria, V. L., Ahmad, I., Oliveira, M., Serafimb, A., Bebianno, M. J., Pacheco, M., & Santos, M. A. (2009). Wild juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax L. liver antioxidant and damage responses at Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72, 1861–1870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. F. (2002). Biology of freshwater pollution. Pearson Education.

  • Miller, G. W. (2017). The international reach of toxicology. Toxicology Science, 157, 274–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Daily Newspaper 2016. Gridlock on Lagos-Ibadan expressway as plants overrun Ogun river by Admin June 19, 2016. http://nationaldailyng.com/gridlock-on-lagos-ibadan-expressway-as-plants-overrun-ogun-river/. Accessed 1 June 2018.

  • NESREA (National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency) (2011a). Physico-chemical ambient water quality criteria for surface water. Effluent discharges, irrigation and reuse standards. In: National Environmental (surface and groundwater quality control) regulations (pp. B693–727).

  • NESREA (National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency). (2011b). Physico-chemical ambient water quality criteria for surface water. Fisheries and recreation quality criteria standards. In: National Environmental (surface and groundwater quality control) regulations (pp. B693–727).

  • NSPFS (National Special Programme for Food Security) (2005). Farming Nigeria’s water. A compilation of the newsletter of aquaculture and inland fisheries project. 1(21), 34.

  • Nunes, B., Antunes, S. C., Gomes, R., Campos, J. C., Braga, M. R., Ramos, A. S., & Correia, A. T. (2015). Acute effects of tetracycline exposure in the freshwater fish Gambusia holbrooki: Antioxidant effects, neurotoxicity and histological alterations. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 68(2), 371–381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (1992). Fish acute toxicity test. OECD guidelines for testing chemicals, adopted 17.07.1992, 203 (pp. 1–9).

  • Ogbonna, D. N., & Ideriah, T. J. K. (2014). Effect of abattoir wastewater on the physico- chemical characteristics of soil and sediment in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 3, 1612–1632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ognjanovic, B. I., Markovic, S. D., Pavlovic, S. Z., Zikic, R. V., Stajn, A. S., & Saicic, Z. S. (2008). Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: Protective effect of selenium. Physiological Research, 57(3), 403–411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osibanjo, O., & Adie, G. U. (2007). Impact of effluent from Bodija abattoir on the physico-chemical parameters of Oshunkaye stream in Ibadan City, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6, 1806–1811.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S., Parvez, S., Ansari, R. A., Ali, M., Kaur, M., Hayat, F., Ahmad, F., & Raisuddin, S. (2008). Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 174(3), 183–192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patra, A. K., Mushi, J. S. D., & Hughes, G. M. (1983). Oxygen consumption of the freshwater air-breathing Indian siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) in relation to body size and seasons. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 49, 566–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Utrilla, J., Sánchez-Polo, M., Ferro-García, M. Á., Prados-Joya, G., & Ocampo-Pérez, R. (2013). Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants and their removal from water. A review. Chemosphere, 93, 1268–1287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rommens, W., Maes, J., Dekeza, N., Inghelbrecht, P., Nhiwatiwa, T., Holsters, E., Ollevier, F., Marshall, B., & Brendonck, L. (2003). The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). I. Water quality. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 158(3), 373–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sainz, A., Grande, J. A., & de la Torre, M. L. (2004). Characterization of heavy metal discharge into the Ria of Huelva. Environment International, 30, 557–566.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saliu, J. K., & Eruteya, O. J. (2006). Biodiversity of gutters in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6, 936–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saliu, J. K., Oluberu, S. A., Akpoke, I. I., & Ukwa, U. D. (2017). Cortisol stress response and histopathological alteration index in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of Qua Iboe crude oil and rig wash. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 42(1), 55–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, S., Chattopadhyay, M. K., & Grossart, H.-P. (2013). The multifaceted roles of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4(47), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E. & Weiner, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. Urban University Illinois Press (pp. 125).

  • Sogbanmu, T. O., & Otitoloju, A. A. (2014). Joint action toxicity and biochemical effects of binary mixtures of forcados light crude oil and three dispersants against Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Environmental Research, 8(2), 395–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sogbanmu, T. O., Nagy, E., Phillips, D. H., Arlt, V. M., Otitoloju, A. A., & Bury, N. R. (2016). Lagos lagoon sediment organic extracts and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce embryotoxic, teratogenic and genotoxic effects in Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(14), 14489–14501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sogbanmu, T. O., Osibona, A. O., Oguntunde, A. O., & Otitoloju, A. A. (2018). Biomarkers of toxicity in Clarias gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 43, 281–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sosanwo, A. A. (2016). Toxicological effects of effluents from Kara Cow Market, Ogun state on guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). B. Sc thesis, University of Lagos, Nigeria.

  • Tagliapietra, D., & Sigovini, M. (2010). Benthic fauna: Collection and identification of macrobenthic invertebrates. Terre et Environnement, 88, 253–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Fingas, N., & Sigouin, L. (2000). Characterization and source identification of unknown spilled oil using fingerprinting techniques by GC-MS and GC-FID. Liquid Chromatography Gas Chromatography, 18(10), 1058–1067.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, R., Ge, F., Huang, S., Chen, M., & Wang, R. (2011). Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in animal wastewater and surface water around farms in Jiangsu Province, China. Chemosphere, 82, 1408–1414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, W. H., Zhang, G., Zou, S. C., Li, X. D., & Liu, Y. C. (2007a). Determination of selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour and the Pearl River, South China using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Pollution, 145, 672–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, W. H., Zhang, G., Li, X., Zou, S., Li, P., Hu, Z., & Li, J. (2007b). Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Water Research, 41, 4526–4534.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Mr. Adenekan at the Biochemistry Department, University of Lagos, for the technical assistance with the biochemical studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ecotoxicology and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Akoka, 101017, Nigeria

    Esther I. Olaniran, Temitope Olawunmi Sogbanmu & Joseph K. Saliu

Authors
  1. Esther I. Olaniran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Temitope Olawunmi Sogbanmu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph K. Saliu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Temitope Olawunmi Sogbanmu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. This study followed the principles in the Declaration of Helsinki on the humane treatment of animals used in research (http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/a18/) and the principles in the AVMA Guidelines for the euthanasia of animals (AVMA 2013).

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOC 206 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Olaniran, E.I., Sogbanmu, T.O. & Saliu, J.K. Biomonitoring, physico-chemical, and biomarker evaluations of abattoir effluent discharges into the Ogun River from Kara Market, Ogun State, Nigeria, using Clarias gariepinus. Environ Monit Assess 191, 44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7168-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7168-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation