Skip to main content

Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: a case study Coruh River Basin

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume 190, Article number: 554 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

In this study, the water quality of the Coruh River Basin, which is located in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, was evaluated. The water quality data measurement results obtained by the State Hydraulic Works 26th Regional Directorate from four different sites over a course of 4 years between the years 2011 and 2014 in the Coruh River Basin were used as the data. In this study, the water quality was evaluated by using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environmental Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis (DA). The water quality of the Coruh River Basin was calculated as 30.4 and 71.35 by using the CCME WQI and classified as “poor,” “marginal,” and “fair”. These values show that the water of the Coruh River Basin is degraded and under threat and its overall quality is not close to natural or desired levels. The monitoring sites were divided into two groups by the cluster analysis (CA). DA is a multivariate analysis technique used to divide individuals or objects into different groups and assign them into predetermined groups. As a result of DA, calcium (Ca) and sulfate (SO4) were determined to be significant parameters in the determination of the water quality of the Coruh River Basin. The success of DA depends on the percentage of correct classification. As a result of the analysis, 23% of the parameters in the first measurement point, 69.2% of the parameters in the second and third measurement points, and 76.9% of the parameters in the fourth measurement point were classified correctly. Since the second measurement point is the discharge point of a copper mine, it can be said that the water quality parameters measured may provide accurate results in detecting pollution at this point.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 3

References

  • Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. A. (2012). Water-Quality Indices. In Water quality indices. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Akkoyunlu, A., & Akiner, M. E. (2012). Pollution evaluation in streams using water quality indices: a case study from Turkey’s Sapanca Lake Basin. Ecological Indicators, 18, 501–511.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexakis, D., Tsihrintzis, V. A., Tsakiris, G., & Gikas, G. D. (2016). Suitability of water quality indices for application in lakes in the mediterranean. Water Resource Management, 30(5), 1621–1633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengraine, K., & Marthaba, T. F. (2003). Using principal component analysis to monitor spatial and temporal changes in water quality. Journal of Hazardous Materials B, 100, 179–195.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, A. (2015a). An assessment of water quality in the Coruh Basin (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(11), 721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, A. (2015b). Evaluation of Borcka Reservoir water quality by a multivariate statistical method. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 11(2), 287–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgin, A., & Konanç, M. U. (2016). Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal pollution of Coruh River Basin (Turkey) by multivariate statistical methods. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(1029), 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordalo, A. A., Nilsumranchit, W., & Chalermwat, K. (2001). Water quality and uses of the Bangpakon river (Eastern Thailand). Water Research, 35(15), 3635–3642.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyacıoğlu, H., & Boyacıoğlu, H. (2010). Detection of seasonal variations in surface water quality using discriminant analysis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162, 15–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyacıoğlu, H., Gündogdu, V. & Boyacıoğlu, H. (2013). Investigation of priorities in water quality management based on correlations and variations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 69, 48-54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). Water quality index-do we dare? Water Sewage Works., 117(10), 339–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • CCME (2001). Canadian environmental quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life, CCME water quality index: technical report, 1.0.

  • Damo, R., & Icka, P. (2013). Evaluation of water quality index for drinking water. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(4), 1045–1051.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Espejo, L., Kretschmer, N., Oyarzún, J., Meza, F., Núñez, J., Maturana, H., Soto, G., Oyarzo, P., Garrido, M., Suckel, F., Amezaga, J., & Oyarzún, R. (2012). Application of water quality indices and analysis of the surface water quality monitoring network in semiarid North-Central Chile. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(9), 5571–5588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, R. K. (1965). An index number system for rating water quality. Journal-Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3), 300–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, M. A. (1989). A water quality index for river management. Water and Environment Journal, 3(4), 336–344.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, G. H., & Xia, J. (2001). Barriers to sustainable water-quality management. Journal of Environmental Management, 61(1), 1–23.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E.D. (1998). Applied multivariate methods for the data analysis. Duxbury press, 407.

  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2009). SPSS Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım (in Turkish).

  • Kankal, N. C., Indurkar, M. M., Gudadhe, S. K., & Wate, S. R. (2012). Water quality index of surface water bodies of Gujarat, India. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 26(1), 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A. A., Paterson, R., & Khan, H. (2003). Modification and application of the CCME WQI for the communication of drinking water quality data in Newfoundland and Labrador. In Proceedings of the 38th central symposium on water quality research, Canadian association on water quality. Burlington: Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A. A., Tobin, A., Paterson, R., Khan, H., & Warren, R. (2005). Application of CCME procedures for deriving site-specific water quality guidelines for the CCME water quality index. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 40(4), 448–456.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lumb, A., Halliwell, D., & Sharma, T. (2006). Application of CCME water quality index to monitor water quality: a case of the Mackenzie river basin, Canada. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 113, 411–429.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massart, D. L., & Kaufman, L. (1983). The ınterpretation of analytical chemical data by the use of cluster analysis. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohebbi, M. R., Saeedi, R., Montazeri, A., Vaghefia, K. A., Labbaf, S., Oktaie, S., Abtahi, M., & Mohagheghian, A. (2013). Assessment of water quality in groundwater resources of Iran using a modified drinking water quality index (DWQI). Ecological Indicators, 30, 28–34.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostafaei, A. (2014). Application of multivariate statistical methods and water quality index to evaluation of water quality in the Kashkan River. Environmental Management, 53(4), 865–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Najapour, S., Alkarkhi, A. F. M., Kadir, M. O. A., & Najapour, G. D. (2008). Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in river water quality. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(4), 349–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang, Y. (2005). Evaluation of river water quality monitoring station by principal component analysis. Water Research, 39, 2621–2635.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D., & Huang, C. H. (2006). Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Water Research, 40, 3800–3810.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otto, M. (1998). Multivariate methods. In R. Kellner, J. M. Mermet, M. Otto, & H. M. Widmer (Eds.), Analytical chemistry (p. 916). Weinheim: Wiley/VCH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, D., & Kansal, A. (2011). Water quality analysis of River Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory, India (2000–2009). Applied Water Science, 1(3–4), 147–157.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha, S., & Kazama, F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environmental Modeling & Software, 22, 464–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., & Sinha, S. (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India): a case study. Water Research, 38, 3980–3992.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sophocleous, M. (2002). Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science. Hydrogeology Journal, 10, 52–67.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sucu, S., & Dinç, T. (2008). Çoruh havzası projeleri. TMMOB II. Ulusal Su Politikaları Kongresi, 20–22 Mart. Ankara (in Turkish).

  • SWQMR (2015). Turkish surface water quality management regulations. Official Gazette 15.04.2015 and numbered 29327.

  • SWQMR (2016). Turkish surface water quality management regulations. Official Gazette 10.08.2016 and numbered 29797.

  • Taner, M. U., Ustun, B., & Erdinçler, A. (2011). A simple tool for the assessment of water quality in polluted lagoon systems: a case study for Kücük Çekmece Lagoon, Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 11, 749–756.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatlıdil, H. (1996). Uygulamalı cok değiskenli istatistiksel analiz, 2. Baskı, Ankara, 424. (in Turkish).

  • Terrado, M., Barceló, D., Tauler, R., Borrell, E., Campos, S. D., & Barceló, D. (2010). Surface-water-quality indices for the analysis of data generated by automated sampling networks. TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 29(1), 40–52.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • TSE-266 (2005) Turkish standards organization. Ankara: Turkey Standard Institute.

  • Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2013). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1, 34–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uddin, M. G., Moniruzzaman, M., & Khan, M. (2017). Evaluation of groundwater quality using CCME water quality index in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Area, Ishwardi, Pabna, Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 5(2), 33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varol, M., Gökot, B., Bekleyen, A., & Sen, B. (2012). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Tukey) using, multivariate statistical techniques a case study. River Research and Applications, 28, 1428–1438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., & Deban, L. (1998). Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Research, 32, 3581–3592.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voutsa, D., Zachariadis, G., Samara, C., & Kouimtzis, T. (2008). Evaluation of chemical parameters in Aliakmon river in Northers Greece. 2. Dissolved and particulate heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Science Health. Part A. Environmental Science and Engineering, 30, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, F., Qiao, D., Qian, B., Ma, L., Xing, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2016). Improvement of CCME WQI using grey relational method. Journal of Hydrology, 543, 316–323.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Cai, Q., Ye, L., & Qu, X. (2012). Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in stream water quality by multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Xiangxi River basin, China. Quaternary International, 282, 137–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenning, R. J., & Erickson, G. A. (1994). Interpretation and analysis of complex environmental data using chemometric methods. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 13, 446–457.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willet, P. (1987). Similarity and clustering in chemical information systems. Research studies press, Wiley, New York.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author is thankful to the State Hydraulic Works 26th Regional Directorate (Artvin, Turkey) for providing the data. The author is thankful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Akıncı for drawing and mapping.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Artvin Coruh University, 08100, Artvin, Turkey

    Ayla Bilgin

Authors
  1. Ayla Bilgin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ayla Bilgin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bilgin, A. Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: a case study Coruh River Basin. Environ Monit Assess 190, 554 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6927-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6927-5

Keywords

  • Coruh River Basin
  • Discriminant analysis
  • Water quality index
  • Borcka Dam
  • Muratli Dam