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Natural and anthropic processes controlling groundwater hydrogeochemistry in a tourist destination in northeastern Brazil

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze spatial-seasonal changes to identify the natural and anthropic processes that control groundwater hydrogeochemistry in urban aquifers in municipality of Lençóis (Bahia). Tourism is the main activity of this municipality, which is an important tourist destination in northeastern Brazil and which maintains its tourism infrastructure by using groundwater. Two field campaigns were conducted (dry and rainy seasons) in order to collect groundwater samples extracted from 15 tubular wells distributed over the urban area of the municipality. The Piper diagram, multivariate statistical analyses, and artificial neural networks indicated that there are two types of water (Na–Cl and Na–\( {\mathrm{SO}}_4^2 \)−), which were divided into five different clusters. Seasonal variation was observed to significantly alter groundwater hydrogeochemistry. According to the Gibbs diagram, groundwater within the urban area of Lençóis belonged to the rainfall dominance, demonstrating low water-rock interaction. Hydrogeochemical modeling results suggested hydrolysis as the main natural factors controlling process. However, mineral dissolution also occurred in one of the clusters. Human-originated trace contamination by nitrate, chloride, and sulfate occurred in a zone of the urban area. This contamination was observed regardless of climate seasonality, indicating that the main controlling process for groundwater hydrochemistry in this region is wastewater mobilization (indirect artificial recharge).

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the to the Geology Postgraduate Program of UFBA and the Nucleus of Watersheds of UESC for the technical and scientific support; to the hotels, bed and breakfast establishments and their respective owners for the welcome and access to wells; and, finally, the authors are grateful to the Associação de Condutores de Visitantes de Lençóis (ACVL) for the logistic support provided.

Funding

The authors are grateful to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for financing this research project;

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PPGeo, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

    Jonatas Batista Mattos, Manoel Jerônimo Moreira Cruz & Elinaldo Fonseca Sales

  2. Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil

    Francisco Carlos Fernandes De Paula

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  1. Jonatas Batista Mattos
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Mattos, J.B., Cruz, M.J.M., De Paula, F.C.F. et al. Natural and anthropic processes controlling groundwater hydrogeochemistry in a tourist destination in northeastern Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 190, 395 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6765-5

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