Hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake of Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India

Gaury, Pawan Kumar; Meena, Narendra Kumar; Mahajan, A. K.

doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6451-z

Published: 17 January 2018

Hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake of Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India

Pawan Kumar Gaury¹,
Narendra Kumar Meena² &
A. K. Mahajan¹

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume 190, Article number: 84 (2018) Cite this article

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Abstract

The present research is to study hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ are observed as the dominant cations from pre- to post-monsoon season. On the other hand, HCO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ are observed dominant anions during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, whereas HCO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ during post-monsoon season. The comparison of alkaline earth metals with alkali metals and total cations (Tz⁺) has specified that the carbonate weathering is the dominant source of major ions in the water of lake. The HCO₃⁻ is noticed to be mainly originated from carbonate/calcareous minerals during monsoon and post-monsoon, but through silicate minerals during pre-monsoon. The SO₄²⁻ in Rewalsar Lake is produced by the dissolution of calcite and dolomite etc. The alkali metals and Cl⁻ in the lake can be attributed to the silicate weathering as well as halite dissolution and anthropogenic activities. Certain other parameters like NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, F⁻, and Br⁻ are mainly a result of anthropogenic activities. The alkaline earth metals are found to surpass over alkali metals, whereas weak acid (HCO₃⁻) exceed to strong acid (SO₄²⁻). The Piper diagram has shown Ca²⁺–HCO₃⁻ type of water during all the seasons. The water quality index has indicated that the water quality of the lake is unsuitable for drinking from pre- to post-monsoon. Several parameters like salinity index, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percent, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard etc. have revealed the water of Rewalsar Lake as suitable for irrigation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Central university of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP) for his encouragement and support in publishing this manuscript. The authors heartily thank the Director, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun for permitting the first author to work in WIHG lab and allowing this manuscript for publication. The authors highly acknowledge Dr. K.B.S. Krishna, Assistant Professor in the Department of English and European Languages, CUHP, for editing the manuscript. The authors acknowledge the support provided by Shri Bansilal, Sarpanch, Rewalsar village, and besides, the local administration of the lake for providing boat facility, permission, and other help during collection of water samples.

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Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176215, India
Pawan Kumar Gaury & A. K. Mahajan
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248001, India
Narendra Kumar Meena

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Gaury, P.K., Meena, N.K. & Mahajan, A.K. Hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake of Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess 190, 84 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6451-z

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Received: 29 April 2017
Accepted: 28 December 2017
Published: 17 January 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6451-z

Keywords

Alkaline earth metals
Alkali
Anthropogenic activities
Carbonate weathering
Hydrochemistry