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Oil contamination in surface sediment of Anzali Wetland in Iran is primarily even carbon number n-alkanes

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Abstract

To determine the extent of oil contamination and biodegradation in Anzali Wetland of Iran, we examined aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment of this area (n=20). Petroleum hydrocarbon levels (mean 1585 ± 1117; range 316 to 4358 μg g−1 dry weight) were similar in value to reports from other highly contaminated areas, such as New York Bight, Saudi and Kuwaiti coasts of the Persian Gulf, and Dubai shorelines. Even carbon homologs dominated distribution of n-alkanes in surface sediment of Anzali, which is rarely reported elsewhere. Multiple factors used in our study point to petrogenic source for n-alkanes in Anzali Wetland. Anzali receives multiple industrial and agricultural runoffs from the surrounding area. Shipping industry and oil industry are responsible for a major portion of pollutants entering Anzali. Municipal wastewater discharges are another source of Anzali pollution. To determine why even carbon number n-alkanes predominate in Anzali, we examined the following indices: existence of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), ratio of UCM to resolved alkanes (RA), ratio of low-molecular weight to high-molecular weight molecules, presence of degraded oil residue, high-relative biodegradation, and the degree of hydrocarbon weathering in the surface sediment of the area. Our findings corroborate with such predominance.

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Funding

This research was funded by Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran

    Rokhsareh Azimi-Yancheshmeh

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran

    Alireza Riyahi-Bakhtiari

  3. P.O. Box 7038, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Mozhgan Savabieasfahani

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  1. Rokhsareh Azimi-Yancheshmeh
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  2. Alireza Riyahi-Bakhtiari
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  3. Mozhgan Savabieasfahani
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Correspondence to Alireza Riyahi-Bakhtiari.

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Azimi-Yancheshmeh, R., Riyahi-Bakhtiari, A. & Savabieasfahani, M. Oil contamination in surface sediment of Anzali Wetland in Iran is primarily even carbon number n-alkanes. Environ Monit Assess 189, 589 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6294-7

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