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Using principal component analysis and annual seasonal trend analysis to assess karst rocky desertification in southwestern China

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Abstract

Increasing exploitation of karst resources is causing severe environmental degradation because of the fragility and vulnerability of karst areas. By integrating principal component analysis (PCA) with annual seasonal trend analysis (ASTA), this study assessed karst rocky desertification (KRD) within a spatial context. We first produced fractional vegetation cover (FVC) data from a moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index using a dimidiate pixel model. Then, we generated three main components of the annual FVC data using PCA. Subsequently, we generated the slope image of the annual seasonal trends of FVC using median trend analysis. Finally, we combined the three PCA components and annual seasonal trends of FVC with the incidence of KRD for each type of carbonate rock to classify KRD into one of four categories based on K-means cluster analysis: high, moderate, low, and none. The results of accuracy assessments indicated that this combination approach produced greater accuracy and more reasonable KRD mapping than the average FVC based on the vegetation coverage standard. The KRD map for 2010 indicated that the total area of KRD was 78.76 × 103 km2, which constitutes about 4.06% of the eight southwest provinces of China. The largest KRD areas were found in Yunnan province. The combined PCA and ASTA approach was demonstrated to be an easily implemented, robust, and flexible method for the mapping and assessment of KRD, which can be used to enhance regional KRD management schemes or to address assessment of other environmental issues.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41361046). The authors are grateful to Zhang Lu, Jiang Ling, Rao Enming, and Wang Liyan for their help during the fieldwork. We would like to thank Editage [www.editage.cn] and Mari McClelland for English language editing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China

    Zhiming Zhang, Zhiyun Ouyang, Yi Xiao, Yang Xiao & Weihua Xu

  2. School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China

    Zhiming Zhang

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  1. Zhiming Zhang
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  2. Zhiyun Ouyang
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  3. Yi Xiao
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  4. Yang Xiao
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All authors contributed significantly to this manuscript. To be specific, Zhiming Zhang, Weihua Xu, and Ouyang Zhiyun designed this study. Zhiming Zhang and Yang Xiao were responsible for the data processing. Zhiming Zhang wrote the draft with data analysis support from Yang Xiao.

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Correspondence to Weihua Xu.

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Zhang, Z., Ouyang, Z., Xiao, Y. et al. Using principal component analysis and annual seasonal trend analysis to assess karst rocky desertification in southwestern China. Environ Monit Assess 189, 269 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5976-5

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