Skip to main content

Elucidation of the tidal influence on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced estuary through simultaneous observations

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume 189, Article number: 41 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

The influence of tides on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced tropical estuary was assessed through fine resolution sampling (1 to 3 h) during spring and neap tides from mouth to the freshwater end at four stations during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Higher abundance of total bacterial count (TBC) in surface water near the river mouth, compared to the upstream, during pre-monsoon was followed by an opposite scenario during the monsoon When seasonally compared, it was during the post-monsoon season when TBC in surface water was highest, with simultaneous decrease in their count in the river sediment. The total viable bacterial count (TVC) was influenced by the depth-wise stratification of salinity, which varied with tidal fluctuation, usually high and low during the neap and spring tides respectively. The abundance of both the autochthonous Vibrio spp. and allochthonous coliform bacteria was influenced by the concentrations of dissolved nutrients and suspended particulate matter (SPM). It is concluded that depending on the interplay of riverine discharge and tidal amplitude, sediment re-suspension mediated increase in SPM significantly regulates bacteria populations in the estuarine water, urging the need of systematic regular monitoring for better prediction of related hazards, including those associated with the rise in pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the changing climatic scenarios.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

References

  • Allen, A. E., Howard-Jones, M. H., Booth, M. G., Frischer, M. E., Verity, P. G., Bronk, D. A., & Sanderson, M. P. (2002). Importance of heterotrophic bacterial assimilation of ammonium and nitrate in the Barents Sea during summer. Journal of Marine Systems, 38, 93–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alm, E. W., Burke, J., & Spain, A. (2003). Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches. Water Research, 37, 3978–3982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anand, S. S., Anju, K. J., Mathew, D., & Kumar, M. D. (2014a). Sub-hourly changes in biogeochemical properties in surface waters of Zuari estuary, Goa. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 719–724.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anand, S. S., Muthukumar, S. C., Mangalaa, K. R., Sundar, D., Parab, S. G., & Kumar, M. D. (2014b). Intra-and inter-seasonal variability of nutrients in a tropical monsoonal estuary (Zuari, India). Continental Shelf Research, 82, 9–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre-Guzmán, G., Mejia Ruíz, H., & Ascencio, F. (2004). A review of extracellular virulence product of vibrio species important in diseases of cultivated shrimp. Aquaculture Research, 35, 1395–1404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., & Thingstad, F. (1983). The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Estuaries, 10, 257–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balls, P. W. (1994). Nutrient inputs to estuaries from nine Scottish East Coast rivers; influence of estuarine processes on inputs to the North Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 39, 329–352.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassler, B. L., Gibbons, P. J., Yu, C., & Roseman, S. (1991). Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 24268–24275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batabyal, P., Einsporn, M. H., Mookerjee, S., Palit, A., Neogi, S. B., Nair, G. B., & Lara, R. J. (2014). Influence of hydrologic and anthropogenic factors on the abundance variability of enteropathogens in the Ganges estuary, a cholera endemic region. Science of Total Environment, 472, 154–161.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, K. D., & Oliver, J. D. (2008). The ecology of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in North Carolina estuaries. The Journal of Microbiology, 46, 146–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camargo, J. A., & Alonso, A. (2006). Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment. Environment International, 32, 831–849.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010). Update: cholera outbreak---Haiti, 2010. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59, 1473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell, R. R. (1996). Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science, 274, 2025–2031.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Correll, D. L. (1999). Phosphorus: a rate limiting nutrient in surface waters. Poultry Science, 78, 674–682.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, D. L., Fallowfield, H. J., & Cromar, N. J. (2004). Use of microcosms to determine persistence of Escherichia coli in recreational coastal water and sediment and validation with in situ measurements. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 922–930.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, N. A., & Shafaie, A. (2000). A review of pathogenic vibrio infections for clinicians. Infections in Medicine Journal, 17, 665–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C. M., & Bavor, H. J. (2000). The fate of stormwater-associated bacteria in constructed wetland and water pollution control pond systems. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 89, 349–360.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desmarais, T. R., Solo-Gabriele, H. M., & Palmer, C. J. (2002). Influence of soil on fecal indicator organisms in a tidally influenced subtropical environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 1165–1172.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devanathan, K., Srinivasan, M., & Balakrishnan, S. (2010). Studies on the total heterotrophic bacterial population density from Uppanar estuary (harbour), Cuddalore coast. Advanced Biomedical Research, 4, 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, R. P., Erb-Downward, J. R., Prescott, H. C., Martinez, F. J., Curtis, J. L., Lama, V. N., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2014). Analysis of culture-dependent versus culture-independent techniques for identification of bacteria in clinically obtained Broncho alveolar lavage fluid. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52, 3605–3613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge, P. M., & Sieracki, M. E. (1993). Biological and hydrodynamic regulation of the microbial food web in a periodically mixed estuary. Limnology and Oceanography, 38, 1666–1679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elser, J. J., Bracken, M. E. S., Cleland, E. E., Gruner, D. S., Harpole, W. S., Hillebrand, H., Ngai, J. T., Seabloom, E. W., Shurin, J. B., & Jennifer, J. B. (2007). Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 10, 1135–1142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanning, K. A., & Pilson, M. E. (1974). The diffusion of dissolved silica out of deep-sea sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 1293–1297.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, R. A. (1996). Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and other pathogenic Vibrios. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Chapter 24.

  • Gerba, C. P., & Mcleod, J. S. (1976). Effect of sediments on the survival of Escherichia coli in marine waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 32, 114–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagstrom, A., Pinhassi, J., & Zweifel, U. L. (2000). Biogeographical diversity among marine bacterioplankton. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 21, 231–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendriksen, R. S., Price, L. B., Schupp, J. M., Gillece, J. D., Kaas, R. S., Engelthaler, D. M., Bortolaia, V., Pearson, T., Waters, A. E., Upadhyay, B. P., & Shrestha, S. D. (2011). Population genetics of vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: evidence on the origin of the Haitian outbreak. MBio, 2, 00157–00111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, J. L., Fries, J. S., & Noble, R. T. (2008). Dynamics and predictive modeling of Vibrio spp. in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Environmental Microbiology, 10, 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huq, A., Xu, B., Chowdhury, M. A., Islam, M. S., Montilla, R., & Colwell, R. R. (1996). A simple filtration method to remove plankton-associated Vibrio cholerae in raw water supplies in developing countries. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 2508–2512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyun, J. H., Choi, J. K., Chung, K. H., Yang, E. J., & Kim, M. K. (1999). Tidally induced changes in bacterial growth and viability in the macro tidal Han River estuary, Yellow Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 48, 143–153.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. S., Jahid, M. I. K., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. Z., Islam, M. S., Kabir, M. S., Sack, D. A., & Schoolnik, G. K. (2007). Biofilm acts as a microenvironment for plankton-associated Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh. Microbiology and Immunology, 51, 369–379.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. T. J., & Carpenter, S. R. (2008). Influence of eutrophication on disease in aquatic ecosystems: patterns, processes, and predictions. In: infectious disease ecology: effects of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems. Chapter 4 Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press, 71–99.

  • Kessarkar, P. M., Rao, V. P., Shynu, R., & Ahmad, I. M. (2009). Wind-driven estuarine turbidity maxima in Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India. Journal of Earth System Science, 118, 369–377.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessarkar, P. M., Suja, S., Sudheesh, V., Srivastava, S., & Rao, V. P. (2015). Iron ore pollution in Mandovi and Zuari estuarine sediments and its fate after mining ban. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1–17.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khandeparker, L., Anil, A. C., Naik, S. D., & Gaonkar, C. C. (2015). Daily variations in pathogenic bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced tropical environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 96, 337–343.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinne, O. (1971). Marine ecology, a comprehensive, integrated treatise on life in oceans and coastal waters. Environmental factors Wiley Interscience, London. vol. 1, part 2.

  • Kumar, S., Ramesh, R., Bhosle, N. B., Sardesai, S., & Sheshshayee, M. S. (2004). Natural isotopic composition of nitrogen in suspended particulate matter in the bay of Bengal. Biogeosciences, 1, 63–70.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty, K. D., & Holt, R. D. (2003). How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease? Ecology Letters, 6, 654–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laiz, L., Piñar, G., Lubitz, W., & Saiz-Jimenez, C. (2003). Monitoring the colonization of monuments by bacteria: cultivation versus molecular methods. Environmental Microbiology, 5, 72–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, R. J., Neogi, S. B., Islam, M. S., Mahmud, Z. H., Yamasaki, S., & Nair, G. B. (2009). Influence of catastrophic climatic events and human waste on Vibrio distribution in the Karnaphuli Estuary, Bangladesh. EcoHealth, 6, 279–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, R. J., Neogi, S. B., Islam, M. S., Mahmud, Z. H., Islam, S., Paul, D., Demoz, B. B., Yamasaki, S., Nair, G. B., & Kattner, G. (2011). Vibrio cholerae in waters of the Sunderban mangrove: relationship with biogeochemical parameters and chitin in seston size fractions. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 19, 109–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. C., Lin, T. Y., Lin, C. C., Kohbodi, G. A., Bhatt, A., Lee, R., & Jay, J. A. (2006). Persistence of fecal indicator bacteria in Santa Monica Bay beach sediments. Water Research, 40, 2593–2602.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Lin, M., Liu, X., & Hu, X. (2014). Distribution and diversity of coliform bacteria in estuary of Jiahe River, China. International Journal of Environmental Research, 8, 501–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, P., Balls, P. W., & West, J. R. (1996). Influence of tidal range and river discharge on suspended particulate matter fluxes in the Forth Estuary, Scotland. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 42, 63–82.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipp, E., Rodriguez-Palacios, C., & Rose, J. B. (2001). Occurrence and distribution of the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus in a subtropical Gulf of Mexico estuary. Hydrobiologia, 460, 165–173.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis, V. R., Russek-Cohen, E., Choopun, N., Rivera, I. N. G., Gangle, B., Jiang, S. C., Rubin, A., Jonathan, A. P., Huq, A., & Colwell, R. R. (2003). Predictability of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 2773–2785.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luna, G. M., Manini, E., & Danovaro, R. (2002). Large fraction of dead and inactive bacteria in coastal marine sediments: comparison of protocols for determination and ecological significance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 3509–3513.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malham, S. K., Rajko-Nenow, P., Howlett, E., Karen, E., Tuson, K. E., Perkins, L. P., Pallett, D. W., Wang, H., Colin, F., Jago, C. F., Jones, D. L., & McDonald, J. E. (2014). The interaction of human microbial pathogens, particulate material and nutrients in estuarine environments and their impacts on recreational and shellfish waters. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 16, 2145–2155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallin, M. A., Cahoon, L. B., Toothman, B. R., Parsons, D. C., McIver, M. R., Ortwine, M. L., & Renee, N. (2007). Impacts of a raw sewage spill on water and sediment quality in an urbanized estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 81–88.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marie, D., Partensky, F., Vaulot, D., & Brussaard, C. (1999). Enumeration of phytoplankton, bacteria, and viruses in marine samples. Current Protocols in Cytometry, 11–11.

  • McLusky, D. S., & Elliott, M. (2004). The estuarine ecosystem: Ecology, threats and management. New York. Oxford University Press Inc.

  • Mookerjee, S., Jaiswal, A., Batabyal, P., Einsporn, M. H., Lara, R. J., Sarkar, B., Neogi, S. B., & Palit, A. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of Vibrio cholerae and its phages in riverine ecosystem of Gangetic West Bengal: cholera paradigm. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 6241–6250.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. W., & Howarth, M. J. (1998). Bed stress induced sediment resuspension. Continental Shelf Research, 18, 1203–1213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., Bale, A. J., & Howland, R. J. M. (1978). Very low salinity regions of estuaries: important sites for chemical and biological reactions. Nature, 274, 678–680.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mourino-Pérez, R. R., Worden, A. Z., & Azam, F. (2003). Growth of Vibrio cholerae O1 in red tide waters off California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 6923–6931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagvenkar, G. S., & Ramaiah, N. (2009). Abundance of sewage-pollution indicator and human pathogenic bacteria in a tropical estuarine complex. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 155, 245–256.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neogi, S. B., Islam, M. S., Nair, G. B., Yamasaki, S., & Lara, R. J. (2012). Occurrence and distribution of plankton-associated and free-living toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in a tropical estuary of a cholera endemic zone. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 20, 271–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neogi, S. B., Yamasaki, S., Alam, M., & Lara, R. J. (2014). The role of wetland micro invertebrates in spreading human diseases. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 22, 469–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novotny, L., Dvorska, L., Lorencova, A., Beran, V., & Pavlik, I. (2004). Fish: a potential source of bacterial pathogens for human beings. A review, Veterinarni Medicina, 9, 343–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberbeckmann, S., Fuchs, B. M., Meiners, M., Wichels, A., Wiltshire, K. H., & Gerdts, G. (2012). Seasonal dynamics and modeling of a Vibrio community in coastal waters of the North Sea. Microbial Ecology, 63, 543–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, J. D., & Kaper, J. B. (1997). Vibrio species. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers, 228–264.

  • Ouattara, K. N., Passerat, J., & Servais, P. (2011). Faecal contamination of the water and sediment in the rivers of the Scheldt drainage network. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 183, 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, T. L., Clements, K., Baas, J. H., Jago, C. F., Jones, D. L., Malham, S. K., & McDonald, J. E. (2014). Sediment composition influences spatial variation in the abundance of human pathogen indicator bacteria within an estuarine environment. PloS One, 9, 112951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, C., & Oliver, J. D. (2003). A comparison of thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar and thiosulphate-chloride-iodide (TCI) agar for the isolation of vibrio species from estuarine environments. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36, 150–151.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poremba, K., Tillmann, U., & Hesse, K. J. (1999). Tidal impact on planktonic primary and bacterial production in the German Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 53, 19–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qasim, S. Z., & Sen Gupta, R. (1981). Environmental characteristics of the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine system in Goa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 13, 557–578.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehnstam-Holm, A. S., Godhe, A., Härnström, K., Raghunath, P., Saravanan, V., Collin, B., Karunasagar, I., & Karunasagar, I. (2010). Association between phytoplankton and Vibrio spp. along the southwest coast of India: a mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 58, 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, V., Ramaiah, N., Kakti, S., & Samant, D. (2011). Long-term variations in abundance and distribution of sewage pollution indicator and human pathogenic bacteria along the central west coast of India. Ecological Indicators, 11, 318–327.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R., Chitari, R., Kulkarni, V., Krishna, M. S., Sarma, V. V. S. S., & Anil, A. C. (2015). CHEMTAX-derived phytoplankton community structure associated with temperature fronts in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 144, 81–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sack, R. B., Siddique, A. K., Longini, I. M., Nizam, A., Yunus, M., Islam, M. S., Morris, J. G., Ali, A., Huq, A., Nair, B., Qadri, F., Faruque, S. H., Sack, D. A., & Colwell, R. R. (2003). A 4-year study of the epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in four rural areas of Bangladesh. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 187, 96–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma, V. V. S. S., Gupta, S. N. M., Babu, P. V. R., Acharya, T., Harikrishnachari, N., Vishnuvardhan, K., Rao, N. S., Reddy, N. P. C., Sarma, V. V., Sadhuram, Y., & Murty, T. V. R. (2009). Influence of river discharge on plankton metabolic rates in the tropical monsoon driven Godavari estuary, India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85, 515–524.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawkar, K., Vethamony, P., Babu, M. T., Dias, C., Mesquita, A., Fernandes, B., Moses, S., Padmavati, M., & Naik, S. (2003). Measuring, modeling and grading the health of water bodies. In L. Noronha, N. Lourenco, J. P. Lobo-Fereira, A. Lleopart, E. Feoli, K. Sawkar, & A. Chachadi (Eds.), Coastal tourism, environment and sustainable local development (pp. 179–210). India: Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Singbal, S. Y. S., Naik, C. G., Sundar, D., Michael, G. S., & Nampoorthiri, G. (1995). Propagation of tides in the Mandovi–Zuari estuarine network; proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 104, 667–682.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shetye, S. R., Shankar, D., Neetu, S., Suprit, K., Michael, G. S., & Chandramohan, P. (2007). The environment that conditions the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries. In R. Shetye S, D. Kumar, & D. Shankar (Eds.), The Mandovi and Zuari estuaries (p. 3). Dona-Paula, Goa: National Institute of Oceanography.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirodkar, P. V., Deepthi, M., Vethamony, P., Mesquita, A. M., Pradhan, U. K., Babu, M. T., Verlecar, X. N., & Haldankar, S. R. (2012). Tide dependent seasonal changes in water quality and assimilative capacity of anthropogenically influenced Mormugao harbour water. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 41, 314–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, N. I., Cheldyshova, N. B., Zadnova, S. P., & Kutyrev, V. V. (2004). Molecular–genetic peculiarities of classical biotype vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the last outbreak Asiatic cholera in Russia. Microbial Pathogenesis, 36, 131–139.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. M., Gerba, C. P., & Melnick, J. L. (1978). Role of sediment in the persistence of enteroviruses in the estuarine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35, 685–689.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solo-Gabriele, H. M., Wolfert, M. A., Desmarais, T. R., & Palmer, C. J. (2000). Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal subtropical environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 4, 230–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, C. H., Piehler, M. F., Thompson, S., & Noble, R. T. (2010). Loading of fecal indicator bacteria in North Carolina tidal creek headwaters: hydrographic patterns and terrestrial runoff relationships. Water Research, 44, 4704–4715.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunder, D., & Shetye, S. R. (2005). Tides in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries, Goa, west coast of India. Journal of Earth System Science, 144, 493–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundar, D., Unnikrishnan, A. S., Michael, G. S., Kankonkar, A., Nidheesh, A. G., & Subeesh, M. P. (2015). Observed variations in stratification and currents in the Zuari estuary, west coast of India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 6951–6965.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sur, D., Dutta, P., Nair, G. B., & Bhattacharya, S. K. (2000). Severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 112, 178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ter Braak, C.J., & Smilauer, P. (2002). CANOCO reference manual and Cano Draw for Windows user’s guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5).

  • Ward, B. B., Devol, A. H., Rich, J. J., Chang, B. X., Bulow, S. E., Naik, H., Pratihary, A., & Jayakumar, A. (2009). Denitrification as the dominant nitrogen loss process in the Arabian Sea. Nature, 461, 78–81.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the director, National Institute of Oceanography, for his support and encouragement. The editor and reviewer’s comments have been helpful in improving the manuscript and are gratefully acknowledged. We are thankful to Dr. A S Unnikrishnan for his valuable suggestions. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Dattesh Desai, Dr. J.S. Patil and D Sundar for their support during the course of this work. We also thank the colleagues of the BBD department for their help. This work was supported by the Ballast Water Management Program, India (Ministry of Shipping and DG shipping) and the CSIR-funded Ocean Finder Program. This is a NIO contribution no. 5976.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India

    Lidita Khandeparker, Ranjith Eswaran, Laxman Gardade, Nishanth Kuchi, Kaushal Mapari, Sneha D. Naik & Arga Chandrashekar Anil

Authors
  1. Lidita Khandeparker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ranjith Eswaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Laxman Gardade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nishanth Kuchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kaushal Mapari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sneha D. Naik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Arga Chandrashekar Anil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arga Chandrashekar Anil.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khandeparker, L., Eswaran, R., Gardade, L. et al. Elucidation of the tidal influence on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced estuary through simultaneous observations. Environ Monit Assess 189, 41 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5687-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5687-3

Keywords

  • Estuary
  • Simultaneous sampling
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Total coliforms
  • Tides
  • Bacterial dynamics