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Carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs in the aquatic ecosystem of India

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Abstract

The quantification studies of 17 carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mithi River polluting the Mahim Creek near Mumbai were performed to understand their sources and probable ecological risk. The overall concentration level of ΣPAHs was 157.96 ± 18.99 μg L−1, while that of carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) was 81.31 ± 9.75 μg L−1, which corresponds to 51.5 % of the ΣPAHs. The source analysis of PAH pollution was made on the basis of different PAH ratios. It was observed that the probable PAH contamination was due to pyrogenic inputs arising due to the combustion of grass, wood, and coal as well as due to the combustion of diesel and gasoline. Toxicity and biological risk assessment was made using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) for various C-PAHs. The results of our study showed that the mean BaP concentration in the Mithi River water (8.61 μg L−1) was above the European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) value of 0.05 μg L−1, while the levels of benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) + benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) (21.54 μg L−1) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) + indeno(1,2,3,-c,d) pyrene (InP) (18.27 μg L−1) were significantly higher than that set by the EQS (0.03 and 0.002 μg L−1, respectively), showing that the ecological integrity of the river and the adjoining creek is possibly at risk.

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Abbreviations

Ace:

Acenaphthene

Acy:

Acenaphthylene

Ant:

Anthracene

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

BaA:

Benzo(a)anthracene

BaP:

Benzo(a)pyrene

BbF:

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

BeP:

Benzo(e)pyrene

BghiP:

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene

BjF:

Benzo(j)fluoranthene

BkF:

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

CCME:

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment

Chr:

Chrysene

ΣC-PAHs:

Total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

CST Kalina Road:

Central Salsette Tramway Kalina Road

DahA:

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

DCM:

Dichloromethane

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EQS:

Environmental Quality Standards

FCVs:

Final chronic values

Fla:

Fluoranthene

Flu:

Fluorene

HMW PAHs:

High molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

IBM SPSS:

International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Science

InP:

Indeno(1,2,3,-c,d)pyrene

LC50 :

Lethal concentration 50

LMW PAHs:

Low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

LOD:

Limit of detection

MeOH:

Methanol

MPCs:

Maximum permissible concentrations

MPCB:

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

NEERI:

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Phe:

Phenanthrene

POPs:

Persistent organic pollutants

Pyr:

Pyrene

QA:

Quality assurance

QC:

Quality control

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

S/N :

Signal-to-noise ratio

SIM:

Selective ion monitoring modes

SPM:

Suspended particulate matter

SRM:

Standard reference material

TEFs:

Toxic equivalency factors

TEQ:

Toxic equivalent quantity

USEPA:

US Environmental Protection Agency

WHO:

World Health Organization

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Bhavan’s College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai, 400058, India

    Pravin U. Singare

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Singare, P.U. Carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs in the aquatic ecosystem of India. Environ Monit Assess 188, 599 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5597-4

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