Abstract
Estimation of essential and toxic element intakes is crucial to evaluate the risks of deficiency or toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and also to compare the dietary intakes of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) by adults living in Shiraz, Iran, determined by two procedures: duplicate portion sampling of 21 hospital meals combined with either instrumental analysis (voltammetric measurement) or the use of food composition tables (FCTs). The level of exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was evaluated as well. The daily Zn intakes of both methods were not significantly different and were higher than the RDA values except the value measured by the instrumental analysis which was lower than the RDA established for a male adult. Daily intake of Cu determined by instrumental analysis was significantly lower and closer to RDA for adults compared with the value estimated by FCTs. The dietary intakes of Pb and Cd were 313 and 61 % of the respective provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs), respectively. The accuracy of two methods used for estimation of Zn intake was similar. In the case of Cu, the use of FCTs, in which the influence of environmental conditions and dietary habits of meal preparation is not taken into account, overestimated dietary intake. The risk of zinc deficiency was found in adult males. Moreover, the estimated intake of Pb, but not Cd, could be a cause of concern for Shiraz population. Thus, conducting regular periodic studies to assess the dietary intake of mentioned elements are recommended.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulla, M., Reis, M. F., Schutz, A., Dashti, H., & Al-Mosawi, M. (1998). Trace element nutrition in developing countries. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 11(2–3), 197–208.
Amini, M., Afyuni, M., Khademi, H., Abbaspour, K. C., & Schulin, R. (2005). Mapping risk of cadmium and lead contamination to human health in soils of Central Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 347(1), 64–77.
Aung, N. N., Yoshinaga, J., & Takahashi, J. I. (2006). Dietary intake of toxic and essential trace elements by the children and parents living in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23(9), 883–894.
Biego, G. H., Joyeux, M., Hartemann, P., & Debry, G. (1998). Daily intake of essential minerals and metallic micropollutants from foods in France. Science of the Total Environment, 217(1), 27–36.
Bordajandi, L. R., Gmez, G., Abad, E., Rivera, J., Fernndez-BastnMad, M., Blasco, J., et al. (2004). Survey of persistent organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PAHs), heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Hg), and arsenic in food samples from Huelva (Spain): levels and health implications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(4), 992–1001.
Brussaard, J. H., Van Dokkum, W., Van der Paauw, C. G., De Vos, R. H., De Kort, W., & Löwik, M. R. H. (1996). Dietary intake of food contaminants in the Netherlands (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Food Additives and Contaminants, 13(5), 561–573.
Buchet, J.-P., Lauwerys, R., Vandevoorde, A., & Pycke, J. M. (1983). Oral daily intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, copper, chromium, mercury, calcium, zinc and arsenic in Belgium: a duplicate meal study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 21(1), 19–24.
Clydesdale, F. M. (1988). Minerals: their chemistry and fate in food. In S. K. Thomas (Ed.), Trace minerals in foods (pp. 57–94). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Cuadrado, C., Kumpulainen, J., & Moreiras, O. (1995). Lead, cadmium and mercury contents in average Spanish market basket diets from Galicia, Valencia, Andalucía and Madrid. Food Additives and Contaminants, 12(1), 107–118.
Dabeka, R. W., & McKenzie, A. D. (1995). Survey of lead, cadmium, fluoride, nickel, and cobalt in food composites and estimation of dietary intakes of these elements by Canadians in 1986–1988. Journal of AOAC International, 78(4), 897–909.
de Winter-Sorkina, R., Bakker, M. I., Van Donkersgoed, G., & Van Klaveren, J. D. (2003). Dietary intake of heavy metals (cadmium, lead and mercury) by the Dutch population. RIVM report 320103001/2003. http://rivm.openrepository.com/rivm/bitstream/10029/8887/1/320103001.pdf
Ebadi, A. G., Zare, S., Mahdavi, M., & Babaee, M. (2005). Study and measurement of Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn in green leaf of tea cultivated in Gillan province of Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4, 270–272.
Ebrahimi, M., & Taherianfard, M. (2010). Concentration of four heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic) in organs of two cyprinid fish (Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta sp.) from the Kor River (Iran). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168, 575–585.
Ellen, G., Egmond, E., Van Loon, J. W., Sahertian, E. T., & Tolsma, K. (1990). Dietary intakes of some essential and non-essential trace elements, nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosamines, by Dutch adults: estimated via a 24-hour duplicate portion study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 7(2), 207–221.
Galal-Gorchev, H. (1991). Dietary intake of pesticide residues: cadmium, mercury, and lead. Food Additives and Contaminants, 8(6), 793–806.
Gallagher, M. L. (2012). Intake: the nutrients and their metabolism. In L. K. Mahan, S. Escott-Stump, & J. L. Raymond (Eds.), Krause’s food & the nutrition care process (p. 113). Louis: Saunders Elsevier.
Gerber, N., Scheeder, M. R. L., & Wenk, C. (2009). The influence of cooking and fat trimming on the actual nutrient intake from meat. Meat Science, 81(1), 148–154.
Hussein, L., & Bruggeman, J. (1997). Zinc analysis of Egyptian foods and estimated daily intakes among an urban population group. Food Chemistry, 58(4), 391–398.
Jamshidi, F., Nasli, E., Heshmat, R., Kimaigar, M., & Larijani, B. (2010). Magnesium, zinc and copper serum levels and their relationship with anemia in diabetic and non-diabetic adults. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 9(3), 249–259 (In Persian).
Jorhem, L., Becker, W., & Slorach, S. (1998). Intake of 17 elements by Swedish women, determined by a 24-h duplicate portion study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 11(1), 32–46.
Leblanc, J.-C., Malmauret, L., GuÉrin, T., Bordet, F. O., Boursier, B., & Verger, P. (2000). Estimation of the dietary intake of pesticide residues, lead, cadmium, arsenic and radionuclides in France. Food Additives and Contaminants, 17(11), 925–932.
Leblanc, J.-C., Guérin, T., Noël, L., Calamassi-Tran, G., Volatier, J.-L., & Verger, P. (2005). Dietary exposure estimates of 18 elements from the 1st French Total Diet Study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22(7), 624–641.
Llobet, J. M., Falco, G., Casas, C., Teixido, A., & Domingo, J. L. (2003). Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children, adolescents, adults, and seniors of Catalonia, Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(3), 838–842.
Maleki, A., & Zarasvand, M. A. (2008). Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 39(2), 335–340.
Martí-Cid, R., Llobet, J. M., Castell, V., & Domingo, J. L. (2008). Dietary intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by the population of Catalonia, Spain. Biological Trace Element Research, 125(2), 120–132.
Martorell, I., Perelló, G., Martí-Cid, R., Llobet, J. M., Castell, V., & Domingo, J. L. (2011). Human exposure to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead from foods in Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend. Biological Trace Element Research, 142(3), 309–322.
Moon, C.-S., Zhang, Z.-W., Shimbo, S., Watanabe, T., Moon, D.-H., Lee, C.-U., et al. (1995). Dietary intake of cadmium and lead among the general population in Korea. Environmental Research, 71(1), 46–54.
Muñoz, O., Bastias, J. M., Araya, M., Morales, A., Orellana, C., Rebolledo, R., et al. (2005). Estimation of the dietary intake of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic by the population of Santiago (Chile) using a Total Diet Study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(11), 1647–1655.
Nasreddine, L., Hwalla, N., El Samad, O., Leblanc, J. C., Hamzé, M., Sibiril, Y., et al. (2006). Dietary exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and radionuclides of an adult urban population in Lebanon: a total diet study approach. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23(6), 579–590.
Navaei, L., Shaker Hosseini, R., Mohajeri, N., & Lashgari, M. H. (2008). Effects of zinc supplementation on glucose, insulin and zinc levels in men aged 50–65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Army University of Medical Sciences of the IR Iran (JAUMS), 6(2), 99–105 (In Persian).
Navarro-Alarcon, M., Zambrano, E., Moreno-Montoro, M., Agil, A., & Olalla, M. (2012). Duplicate portion sampling combined with spectrophotometric analysis affords the most accurate results when assessing daily dietary phosphorus intake. Nutrition Research, 32(8), 573–580.
Nikooyeh, B., Mahboob, S. A., Razaviey, S. V., & Ghaem Maghami, S. J. (2005). Nutrition status; zinc, iron and copper serum levels and their relationship with some dietic and anthropometric parameters in the students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 4(3–4), 77–84 (In Persian).
Olivares, M., Pizarro, F., de Pablo, S., Araya, M., & Uauy, R. (2004). Iron, zinc, and copper: contents in common Chilean foods and daily intakes in Santiago, Chile. Nutrition, 20(2), 205–212.
Onianwa, P. C., Adeyemo, A. O., Idowu, O. E., & Ogabiela, E. E. (2001). Copper and zinc contents of Nigerian foods and estimates of the adult dietary intakes. Food Chemistry, 72(1), 89–95.
Pirzadeh, M., Afyuni, M., & Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H. (2012). Status of zinc and cadmium in paddy soils and rice in Isfahan, Fars and Khuzestan Provinces and their effect on food security. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 16(60), 81–93.
Saleh, Z. A., Brunn, H., Paetzold, R., & Hussein, L. (1998). Nutrients and chemical residues in an Egyptian total mixed diet. Food Chemistry, 63(4), 535–541.
Scherz, H., & Kirchhoff, E. (2006). Trace elements in foods: zinc contents of raw foods-a comparison of data originating from different geographical regions of the world. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(5), 420–433.
Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J. L., Llobet, J. M., & Corbella, J. (1993). Dietary intake of copper, chromium and zinc in Tarragona Province, Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 132(1), 3–10.
Sebastiá, V., Barberá, R., Farré, R., & Lagarda, M. J. (2001). Effects of legume processing on calcium, iron and zinc contents and dialysabilities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(12), 1180–1185.
Sherlock, J. C. (1984). Cadmium in foods and the diet. Experientia, 40(2), 152–156.
The US Food and Nutrition Board. (2001). Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Institute of Medicine-Washington (DC): National Academy Press.
Thomas, K. W., Pellizzari, E. D., & Berry, M. R. (1999). Population-based dietary intakes and tap water concentrations for selected elements in the EPA region V National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS). Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9(5), 402–413.
Torabian, A., & Baghuri, S. (1996). Investigation of contaminations of untreated effluent municipal and industrial water in agricultural land in south Tehran. Ecology, 22(18), 33–45 (In Persian).
Urieta, I., Jalon, M., & Eguileor, I. (1996). Food surveillance in the Basque Country (Spain). II. Estimation of the dietary intake of organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, arsenic, aflatoxin M1, iron and zinc through the Total Diet Study, 1990/91. Food Additives and Contaminants, 13(1), 29–52.
Van Cauwenbergh, R., Bosscher, D., Robberecht, H., & Deelstra, H. (2000). Daily dietary cadmium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling. European Food Research and Technology, 212(1), 13–16.
Velasco-Reynold, C., Navarro-Alarcon, M., López-G de la Serrana, H., Perez-Valero, V., & Lopez-Martinez, M. C. (2008a). In vitro determination of zinc dialyzability from duplicate hospital meals: influence of other nutrients. Nutrition, 24, 84–93.
Velasco-Reynold, C., Navarro-Alarcon, M., López-G de la Serrana, H., Perez-Valero, V., & Lopez-Martinez, M. C. (2008b). Analysis of total and dialyzable copper levels in duplicate meals by ETAAS: daily intake. European Food Research Technology, 227, 367–373.
Wittsiepe, J. R., Schnell, K., Hilbig, A., Schrey, P., Kersting, M., & Wilhelm, M. (2009). Dietary intake of nickel and zinc by young children—results from food duplicate portion measurements in comparison to data calculated from dietary records and available data on levels in food groups. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 23(3), 183–194.
World Health Organization. (1993). Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Forty-first Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Ysart, G., Miller, P., Croasdale, M., Crews, H., Robb, P., Baxter, M., et al. (2000). 1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc. Food Additives and Contaminants, 17(9), 775–786.
Acknowledgments
This study was entirely financed by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (project no. 92-6517). The authors express their gratitude to the technicians in the dietetic unit of Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to be declared.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rahmdel, S., Abdollahzadeh, S.M., Mazloomi, S.M. et al. Daily dietary intakes of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium as determined by duplicate portion sampling combined with either instrumental analysis or the use of food composition tables, Shiraz, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 187, 349 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4515-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4515-5