Skip to main content

Stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated soils using hydroxyapatite and potassium chloride

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume 186, pages 9041–9050 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Combination of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and potassium chloride (KCl) was used to stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated mining soils. Pot experiments of chilli (Capsicum annuum) and rape (Brassica rapachinensis) were used to evaluate the stabilization efficiency. The results were the following: (1) the optimal combination decreased the leachable lead by 83.3 and 97.27 %, and decreased leachable cadmium by 57.82 and 35.96% for soil HF1 and soil HF2, respectively; (2) the total lead and cadmium concentrations in both plants decreased 69 and 44 %, respectively; (3) The total lead and cadmium concentrations in the edible parts of both vegetables also decreased significantly. This study reflected that potassium chloride can improve the stabilization efficiency of hydroxyapatite, and the combination of hydroxyapatite and potassium chloride can be effectively used to remediate lead and cadmium contaminated mining soil.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

References

  • Bech, J., Roca, N., Barceló, J., Duran, P., Tume, P., & Ppschenrieder, C. (2012). Soil and plant contamination by lead mining in Bellmunt (Western Mediterranean Area). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 113, 94–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borgna, L., Di Lella, L. A., Nannoni, F., Pisani, A., Pizzetti, E., Protano, G., et al. (2009). The high contents of lead in soils of northern Kosovo. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 101, 137–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, J. A., & Johnson, M. S. (2002). Ecological restoration of land with particular reference to the mining of metal and industrial minerals: a review of theory and practice. Environmental Reviews, 10, 41–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayani, M., & Mohammadi, J. (2010). Geostatistical assessment of Pb, Zn and Cd contamination in Near-Surface soils of the urban-mining transitional region of Isfahan, Iran. Pedosphere, 5, 568–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, L. J., Zhu, Z. L., Qiu, Y. L., & Zhao, J. F. (2010). Removal of lead from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/magnetite composite adsorbent. Chemical Engineering Journal, 165, 827–834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudka, S., & Adriano, D. C. (1997). Environmental impacts of metal ore mining and processing: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26, 590–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elkady, M. F., Mahmoud, M. M., & Abd-El-Rahman, H. M. (2011). Kinetic approach for cadmium sorption using microwave synthesized nano-hydroxyapatite. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 357, 1118–1129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elouear, Z., Bouzid, J., Boujelben, N., Feki, M., Jamoussi, F., & Montiel, A. (2008). Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions by activated phosphate rock. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156, 412–420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register (1986). Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). USA.

  • Fernández-Navarro, P., García-Pérez, J., Ramis, R., Boldo, E., & López-Abente, G. (2012). Proximity to mining industry and cancer mortality. Science of the Total Environment, 435–436, 66–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, D. J., Cleaver, T. J., Turner, M. K., Hunt, J., Niendorf, K. B., & Loquens, S. M. H. (1980). Comparison of the effects of potassium fertilizer on the yield, potassium content and quality of 22 different vegetable and agricultural crops. Cambridge Journals Online - The Journal of Agricultural Science, 95, 441–456.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeanjean, J., Vincent, U., & Fedoroff, M. (1994). Structural modification of calcium hydroxyapatite induced by sorption of cadmium ions. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 108, 68–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapusta, P., Szarek-Łukaszewska, G., & Stefanowicz, A. M. (2011). Direct and indirect effects of metal contamination on soil biotain a Zn-Pb post-mining and smelting area (S Poland). Environmental Pollution, 159, 1511–1526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. D., Wang, Y. B., Gou, X., Su, Y. B., & Wang, G. (2006). Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites, Baiyin, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6, 1124–1134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, G. L., Liao, D. X., & Li, Q. M. (2008). Heavy metals contamination characteristics in soil of different mining activity zones. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 18, 207–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. L. (1979). Chemical equilibria in soils. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z. P. (2003). Lead poisoning combined with cadmium in sheep and horses in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal smelters. Science of the Total Environment, 309, 117–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. Y., & Rao, G. N. (1997). Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of lead in contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 3, 788–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. Y., Tralna, S. J., Logan, T. J., & Ryan, J. A. (1993). In situ lead immobilization by apatite. Environmental Science &Technology, 27, 1803–1810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. Y., Traina, S. J., Logan, T. J., & Ryan, J. A. (1994). Effects of aqueous Al, Cd, Cu, Fe (II), Ni, and Zn on Pb immobilization by hydroxyapatite. Environmental Science & Technology, 28, 1219–1228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchat, D., Bernache-Assollant, D., & Champion, E. (2007). Cadmium fixation by synthetic hydroxyapatite in aqueous solution–thermal behavior. Journal of Hazardous Materials, A139, 453–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mignardi, S., Corami, A., & Ferrini, V. (2012). Evaluation of the effectiveness of phosphate treatment for the remediation of mine waste soils contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemosphere, 86, 354–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In A. L. Page, R. H. Miller, & D. R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2: American Society of Agronomy, Published by American Society of Agronomy (pp. 539–579). Madison: Soil Science Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, P. M., Pavlik, J. W., Sheets, R. W., & Biagoni, R. N. (2005). Lead, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in plaster and mortar from structures in Jasper and Newton Counties, Missouri. Science of the Total Environment, 336, 275–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, G. R., Chen, W., Lim, T. T., & Chui, P. C. (2009). In-situ stabilization of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni in the multi-contaminated sediments with ferrihydrite and apatite composite additives. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 1093–1100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reglero, M. M., Taggart, M. A., Monsalve-Gonzalez, L., & Mateo, R. (2009). Heavy metal exposure in large game from a lead mining area: effects on oxidative stress and fatty acid composition in liver. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1388–1395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, C. J., Brumbaugh, W. G., & May, T. W. (2007). Accumulation of metals in fish from lead–zinc mining areas of southeastern Missouri, USA. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 67, 14–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smičiklas, I., Onjia, A., RaičeviĆ, S., JanackoviĆ, D., & MitriĆ, M. (2008). Factors influencing the removal of divalent cations by hydroxyapatite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156, 876–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H. F., Li, Y. H., Ji, Y. F., Wang, W. Y., & Li, H. R. (2010). Environmental contamination and health hazard of lead and cadmium around Chatian mercury mining deposit in western Hunan Province, China. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 20, 308–314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Hatsushika, T., & Hayakawa, Y. (1981). Synthetic hydroxyapatites employed as inorganic cation exchangers. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 77, 1059–1062.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tembo, B. D., Sichilongo, K., & Cernak, J. (2006). Distribution of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc concentrations in soils around Kabwe town in Zambia. Chemosphere, 63, 497–501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US EPA. (1992). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (method 1311) in SW-846. Washington DC: Office of Solid Waste.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vila, M., Sánchez-Salcedo, S., & Vallet-Regí, M. (2012). Hydroxyapatite foams for the immobilization of heavy metals: from waters to the human body. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 393, 24–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F. S. (1990). The element background values of Chinese soil. Beijing: China Environ. Sci. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Y. G., Xu, Y. N., Zhang, J. H., & Hu, S. H. (2010). Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, Shaanxi, China. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 20, 688–694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Mosby, D. E., Casteel, S. W., & Blanchar, R. W. (2001). Lead immobilization using phosphoric acid in a smelter-contaminated urban soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 3553–3559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. L., & Wang, X. X. (2000). The progress and trend of soil degeneration research. Journal of Natural Resources (in Chinese), 03, 280–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z. Z., Li, M. Y., Chen, W., Zhu, S. Z., Liu, N. N., & Zhu, L. Y. (2010). Immobilization of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution and contaminated sediment using nano-hydroxyapatite. Environmental Pollution, 158, 514–519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. W., Yang, L. S., Li, Y. H., Li, H. R., Wang, W. Y., & Ge, Q. S. (2011). Estimation of lead and zinc emissions from mineral exploitation based on characteristics of lead/zinc deposits in China. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 21, 2513–2519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-EW-STS-015), the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2013BAC04B03), and the special Fund for Ago-scientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201203012–6).

Author’s contribution

Y. Li and X. Liao designed the project. L. Wang performed the experiment and wrote the paper. T. Krafft, B. Wei, and Y. Li helped edit the paper. L. Wang, Y. Li, T. Krafft, B. Wei, H. Li, L. Yang, B. Ye, F. Zhang and W. Wang discussed the results and implications of the work at all stages.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Li Wang, Yonghua Li, Hairong Li, Xiaoyong Liao, Binggan Wei, Linsheng Yang & Wuyi Wang

  2. Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Li Wang, Fengying Zhang & Thomas Krafft

  3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing, China

    Yonghua Li, Hairong Li, Xiaoyong Liao, Binggan Wei, Linsheng Yang & Wuyi Wang

  4. Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, China CDC, Beijing, 100021, China

    Bixiong Ye

  5. China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China

    Fengying Zhang

  6. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China

    Yonghua Li & Xiaoyong Liao

Authors
  1. Li Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yonghua Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hairong Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaoyong Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Binggan Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bixiong Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Fengying Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Linsheng Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Wuyi Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Thomas Krafft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yonghua Li or Xiaoyong Liao.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, L., Li, Y., Li, H. et al. Stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated soils using hydroxyapatite and potassium chloride. Environ Monit Assess 186, 9041–9050 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4064-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4064-3

Keywords

  • Heavy metal
  • Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
  • Pot experiment
  • Hydroxyapatite
  • Potassium chloride