Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Irrigational impact of distillery effluent on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Okra with special reference to heavy metals

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was performed under natural environment to assess levels of different heavy metals in soil and Abelmoschus esculentus plants along with soil microbial population irrigated with five rates of distillery effluent (DE) viz. 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % concentration in comparison with control (Bore well water). Results revealed that among various concentrations of DE, irrigation with 100 % DE significantly (P < 0.001) increased Zn (+63.46 %), Cu (+292.37 %), Zn (+3763.63 %), Cd (+264.29 %), Ni (+48.39 %) and Cr (+815.74 %), while decreased total bacteria (−45.23 %), fungi (−17.77 %) and actinomycetes (−42.57 %) in the soil. Enrichment factor of various heavy metals for soil was in the order Ni > Cr > Cd > Zn > Cu, and for A. esculentus plants, it was in the order Ni > Cr > Cu > Cd > Zn after irrigation with distillery effluent. The enrichment factor value was found maximum for Ni in comparison to other metals at 100 % DE concentration as compared with BWW. However, the values of these metals were below the recommended permissible limit.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdousalam, A. G. (2010). Effect of heavy metals on soil microbial processes and population. Egyptian Academic Journal Biological Science, 2, 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, J. U., & Goni, M. A. (2010). Heavy metal contamination in water, soil and vegetables of the industrial areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 166, 347–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aneja, K. R. (1996). Experiments in microbiology plant pathology tissue culture and mushroom cultivation (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Wishwa Prakashan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, S., Rani, A., Kaur, B., & Mittal, N. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111, 811–815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barman, S. C., Sahu, R. K., Bhargava, S. K., & Chaterjee, C. (2000). Distribution of heavy metals in wheat, mustard, and weed grown in field irrigated with industrial effluents. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64, 489–496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buurman, P. B., Langer, V., & Velthrost, E. J. (1996). Manual of Soil and water analysis. Leiden: Backhuys Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. R. (1993). Soil sampling and method of analysis. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, R., Kumar, K., & Singh, J. (2004). Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L. Journal of Environmental Biology, 25, 381–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi, R. K., & Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory manual for the physico-chemical analysis of soil, water and plant (p. 97). Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Wang, C., & Wang, Z. (2005). Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants. Environment International, 31, 778–783.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO. (2011). Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods. Fifth session, pp. 64–89

  • Farooq, M., Farooq, A., & Rashid, U. (2008). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40, 2099–2106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Nayek, S., Saha, R. N., & Satpati, S. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in macrophyte, agricultural soil, and crop plants adjacent to discharge zone of sponge iron factory. Environmental Geology, 55, 731–739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haq, M., Khattak, R. A., Puno, H. K., Saif, M. S., Memon, K. S., & Sial, N. B. (2005). Bioaccumulation of trace elements by different plant species grown on potentially contaminated soils of NWFP, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 4, 383–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itanna, F. (2002). Metals in leafy vegetables grown in Addis Ababa and toxicological implications. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 6, 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jothimani, P., Prabakaran, J., & Bhaskaran, A. (2002). Characterization and impact of dyeing factory effluent on germination and growth of maize and cowpea. Madras Agriculture Journal, 89, 568–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juwarkar, A., & Dutta, S. A. (1990). Impact of distillery effluent application to land on soil microflora. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 10, 197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (1992). Trace elements in soil and plants, 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC, USA, pp. 365

  • Khan, M. (2000). Effect of metals contamination on soil microbial diversity, enzymatic activity, organic matter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization (A review). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3, 1950–1956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., & Chopra, A. K. (2012). Effects of paper mill effluent irrigation on agronomical characteristics of Vigna radiata (L.) in two different seasons. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43, 2142–2166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S., Cao, Q., Shang, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z., & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 152, 686–692.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., & Chopra, A. K. (2011a). Impact on physico-chemical characteristics of soil after irrigation with distillery effluent. Archives of Applied Science Research, 3, 63–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., & Chopra, A. K. (2011b). Fertigation effect of distillery effluent on agronomical practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184, 1207–1219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, F., Attar, A., & Rastmanesh, F. (2011). Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in deposited sediments from runoff and industrial effluents, Shiraz, SW Iran. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 6, 215–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moshood, N. T., & Agakwu, A. A. (2007). An assessment of soil–plant transfer of trace metals and contamination of shallow ground water under amended irrigated fields. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 8, 1693–1697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J. W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M. D., & Lester, J. N. (2006). Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixture of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 112, 41–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S. N. (2006). Accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) in Raphanus sativus L. and Spinacia oleracea L. plants irrigated with industrial effluent. Journal of Environmental Biology, 27, 381–384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, P. K., Suribabu, K., & Singh, A. K. (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109, 310–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SEPA (2005). The limits of pollutants in food. State Environmental Protection Administration, China, GB 2762-2005

  • Singh, K. P., Mohan, D., Sinha, S., & Dalwani, R. (2004). Impact assessment of treated/untreated wastewater toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural, and environmental quality in the wastewater disposal area. Chemosphere, 55, 227–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R., Singh, D. P., Kumar, N., Bhargava, S. K., & Barman, S. C. (2010). Accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and plants from fly ash contaminated area. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31, 421–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suganya, K., & Rajanan, G. (2009). Effect of one time post-sown and pre-sown application of distillery spentwash on the growth and yield of Maize crop. Botany Research International, 2, 288–294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suruchi, D., & Khanna, P. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in different vegetables grown in and around urban areas. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 5, 162–179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39, 611–637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temmerman, L. O., Hoeing, M., & Scokart, P. O. (1984). Determination of ‘normal’ levels and upper limit values of trace elements in soils. Zournal Pflanzenernahr Bodenkd, 147, 687–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi, D. M., Tripathi, S., & Tripathi, B. D. (2011). Implications of secondary treated distillery effluent irrigation on soil cellulase and urease activities. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2, 655–661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Qi, S. H., & Min, Y. S. (2002). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl Rive Delta, South China. Environmental Pollution, 119, 33–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India

    Sachin Srivastava & A. K. Chopra

Authors
  1. Sachin Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. K. Chopra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sachin Srivastava.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Srivastava, S., Chopra, A.K. Irrigational impact of distillery effluent on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Okra with special reference to heavy metals. Environ Monit Assess 186, 4169–4179 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3688-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3688-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation