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Accumulation and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals in tropical urban soils

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Abstract

The study deals with the combined contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals to health risk in Delhi soils. Surface soils (0–5 cm) collected from three different land-use regions (industrial, flood-plain and a reference site) in Delhi, India over a period of 1 year were characterized with respect to 16 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs and five trace metals (Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr and Cd). Mean annual ∑16PAH concentrations at the industrial and flood-plain sites (10,893.2 ± 2826.4 and 3075.4 ± 948.7 μg/kg, respectively) were ~15 and ~4 times, respectively, higher than reference levels. Significant spatial and seasonal variations were observed for PAHs. Toxicity potentials of industrial and flood-plain soils were ~88 and ~8 times higher than reference levels. Trace metal concentrations in soils also showed marked dependencies on nearness to sources and seasonal effects. Correlation analysis, PAH diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) led to the identification of sources such as coal and wood combustion, vehicular and industrial emissions, and atmospheric transport. Metal enrichment in soil and the degree of soil contamination were investigated using enrichment factors and index of geoaccumulation, respectively. Health risk assessment (incremental lifetime cancer risk and hazard index) showed that floodplain soils have potential high risk due to PAHs while industrial soils have potential risks due to both PAHs and Cr.

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The authors gratefully acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Room number 325, New Delhi, 110067, India

    P. S. Khillare & Amreen Hasan

  2. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12203, USA

    Sayantan Sarkar

  3. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA

    Sayantan Sarkar

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  1. P. S. Khillare
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Khillare, P.S., Hasan, A. & Sarkar, S. Accumulation and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals in tropical urban soils. Environ Monit Assess 186, 2907–2923 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3589-1

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