Abstract
This study analyses forest dynamics and land use/land cover change over a 43-year period using spatial-stand-type maps of temporal forest management plans of Karaisalı Forest Enterprise in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Stand parameters (tree species, crown closures and developmental stages) of the dynamics and changes caused by natural or artificial intervention were introduced and mapped in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and subjected to fragmentation analysis using FRAGSTATS. The Karaisalı Forest Enterprise was first planned in 1969 and then the study area was planned under the Mediterranean Forest Use project in 1991 and five-term forest management plans were made. In this study, we analysed only four periods (excluding 1982 revision plans): 1969, 1991, 2002 and 2012. Between 1969 and 2012, overall changes included a net increase of 3,026 ha in forested areas. Cumulative forest improvement accounted for 2.12 % and the annual rate of total forest improvement averaged 0.08 %. In addition, productive forest areas increased from 36,174 to 70,205 ha between 1969 and 2012. This translates into an average annual productive forest improvement rate of 1.54 %. At the same time, fully covered forest areas with crown closure of “3” (>70 %) increased about 21,321 ha, and young forest areas in developmental stage of “a” (diameter at breast height (dbh) < 8 cm) increased from 716 to 13,305 ha over the 43-year study period. Overall changes show that productive and fully covered forest areas have increased egregiously with a focus on regenerated and young developmental stages. A spatial analysis of metrics over the 43-year study period indicated a more fragmented landscape resulting in a susceptible forest to harsh disturbances.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, J. E., Plourde, L. C., Martin, M. E., Braswell, B. H., Smith, M., Dubayah, R. O., Hofton, M. A., & Blair, J. B. (2008). Integrating waveform lidar with hyperspectral imagery for inventory of a northern temperate forest. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 1856–1870.
Armenteras, D., Gast, F., & Villareal, H. (2003). Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes, Colombia. Biological Conservation, 113, 245–256.
Başkent, E. Z., & Jordan, J. A. (1995a). Characterizing spatial structure of forest landscapes: a hierarchical approach. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25(11), 1830–1849.
Başkent, E. Z., & Jordan, J. A. (1995b). Designing forest management to control spatial structure of landscapes. Landscape Urban Plann, 34, 55–74.
Başkent, E. Z., & Kadıoğulları, A. İ. (2007). Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern in Turkey: a case study in İnegöl. Landscape Urban Plann, 81(4), 316–327.
Çakır, G., Sivrikaya, F., Terzioğlu, S., Keleş, S., & Başkent, E. Z. (2007). Monitoring 30-year changes in secondary forest succession with land cover in Artvin forest planning unit of Northeastern Turkey. Scottish Geographical Journal, 123, 209–226.
Cayuela, L., Rey Benayas, J. M., & Echeverría, C. (2006). Clearance and fragmentation of tropical montane forests in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico (1975–2000). Forest Ecology and Management, 226, 208–218.
Cho, M. A., Skidmore, A. K., & Sobhan, I. (2009). Mapping beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest structure with airborne hyperspectral imagery. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs, 11, 201–211.
Echeverría, C., Coomes, D., Salas, J., Rey-Benayas, J. M., Lara, A., & Newton, A. (2006a). Rapid fragmentation and deforestation of Chilean temperate forests. Biol Cons, 130, 481–494.
Echeverría, C., Coomes, D., Salas, J., Rey Benayas, J. M., Lara, A., & Newton, A. (2006b). Rapid deforestation and fragmentation of Chilean temperate forests. Biological Conservation, 130, 481–494.
Echeverria, C., Coomes, D. A., Myrna, H., & Newton, A. C. (2008). Spatially explicit models to analyze forest loss and fragmentation between 1976 and 2020 in southern Chile. Ecological Modelling, 212, 439–449.
FAO (2010) Global forest resources assessment 2010 main report. FAO Forestry Paper #163. 244 UN, Rome
Gautam, A. P., Webb, E. L., Shivakoti, G. P., & Zoebisch, M. A. (2003). Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 99, 83–96.
GDF (1969) General Directorate of Forestry of Turkey. Forest management series plans of Kızıldağ, Kuzgun, Akarca, Böğürtlen, Bozburun, Dağlı, Hacılı, Kırıklı, Kocayol, Milvankale, Sarıklı, Yağbasan and Umutalan planning units. Ankara
GDF. (1991). General Directorate of Forestry of Turkey. Forest management plan of Karaisalı State Forest. Ankara: Enterprise.
GDF (2002) General Directorate of Forestry of Turkey. Forest management plans of Karaisalı, Akarca, Kızıldağ, Hacılı and Çatalan forest planning units. Ankara
GDF (2009) State of Turkey's Forest (2008) General Directory of Forestry. Press number: 85 Ankara
GDF (2012) General Directorate of Forestry of Turkey. Forest management plans of Karaisalı, Akarca, Kızıldağ, Çatalan, Hacılı and Çukurova forest planning units. Ankara
GDF (2013) State of Turkey's Forest (2012) General Directory of Forestry. Ankara
Günlü, A., Kadıoğulları, A. İ., Keleş, S., & Başkent, E. Z. (2009). Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to deforestation in Northeastern Turkey: a case study in Rize. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148(1–4), 127–137.
Kadıoğulları, A. İ. (2013). Assessing implications of land use and land cover changes in forest ecosystems of NE Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 2095–2106.
Kadıoğulları, A. İ., & Başkent, E. Z. (2008). Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern in Turkey: a case study in Gümüşhane. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 138, 289–303.
Kadıoğulları, A. İ., Keleş, S., Başkent, E. Z., & Günlü, A. (2008). Spatiotemporal changes in landscape pattern in response to afforestation in Northeastern Turkey: a case study of Torul. Scottish Geographical Journal, 4, 259–273.
Karnieli, A., Gilad, U., Ponzet, M., Svoray, T., Mirzadinov, R., & Fedorina, O. (2008). Assessing land-cover change and degradation in the Central Asian deserts using satellite image processing and geostatistical methods. Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 2093–2105.
Kennedy, R. S. H., & Spies, T. A. (2004). Dynamics of hardwood patches in a conifer matrix: 54 years of change in a forested landscape in Coastal Oregon, USA. Biol Cons, 122, 363–374.
Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Geist, H., Agbola, S., Angelsen, A., et al. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environ Change, 11(4), 261–269.
Liu, J., Liu, S., & Loveland, T. R. (2006). Temporal evolution of carbon budgets of the Appalachian forests in the U.S. from 1972 to 2000. Forest Ecol Manag, 222, 191–201.
McGarigal K, Marks BJ (1995) FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 351
Ozdemir, I., & Karnieli, A. (2011). Predicting forest structural parameters using the image texture derived from WorldView-2 multispectral imagery in a dryland forest, Israel. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf, 13, 701–710.
Özen Turan, S., Kadıoğulları, A. İ., & Günlü, A. (2010). Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern response to urbanization in Kastamonu. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(5), 640–647.
Park, M. H., & Stenstrom, M. K. (2008). Classifying environmentally significant urban land uses with satellite imagery. Journal of Environmental Management, 86, 181–192.
Paudel, S., & Yuan, E. (2012). Assessing landscape changes and dynamics using patch analysis and GIS modeling. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 16, 66–76.
Pavón, D., Ventura, M., Ribas, A., Serra, P., Sauri, D., & Breton, F. (2003). Land use change and socio-environmental conflict in the Alt Empordá county (Catalonia, Spain). Journal of Arid Environments, 54, 543–552.
Perz, S. G. (2007). Grand theory and context-specificity in the study of forest dynamics: forest transition theory and other directions. The Professional Geographer, 59(1), 105–114.
Perz, S. G., & Skole, D. L. (2003). Secondary forest expansion in the Brazilian Amazon and the refinement of forest transition theory. Society and Natural Resources, 16, 277–294.
Puyravaud, J. P. (2003). Standardizing the calculation of the annual rate of deforestation. Forest Ecol Manag, 177, 593–596.
Rudel, T. K., Coomes, O. T., Moran, E., Achard, F., Angelsen, A., Xu, J., & Lambin, E. (2005). Forest transitions: towards a global understanding of land use change. Global Environ Change Part A, 15(1), 23–31.
Sağlam, B., Dinc Durmaz, B., Bilgili, E., Kadıoğulları, A. İ., & Küçük, Ö. (2008). Spatio-temporal analysis of forest fire risk and danger using LANDSAT imagery. Sensors, 8, 3970–3987.
Sancar, C., Özen, T. S., & Kadıoğulları, A. İ. (2009). Land use–cover change processes in urban fringe areas: Trabzon case study, Turkey. Scientific Research and Essays, 4(12), 1454–1462.
Sivrikaya, F., Çakır, G., Kadıoğulları, A. İ., Keleş, S., Başkent, E. Z., & Terzioğlu, S. (2007). Evaluating land use/land cover changes and fragmentation in the Camili forest planning unit of northeastern Turkey from 1972 to 2005. Land Degradation and Development, 18, 383–396.
Southworth, J., Munroe, D., & Nagendra, H. (2004). Land cover change and landscape fragmentation—comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analyses for western Honduras region. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 101, 185–205.
Upadhyay, T. P., Sankhayan, P. L., & Solberg, B. (2005). A review of carbon sequestration dynamics in the Himalayan region as a function of land-use change and forest/soil degradation with special reference to Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 105, 449–465.
Wakeel, A., Rao, K. S., Maikhuri, R. K., & Saxena, K. G. (2005). Forest management and land use/cover changes in a typical micro watershed in the mid elevation zone of Central Himalaya, India. Forest Ecol Manag, 213, 229–242.
Wolter, P. T., Townsend, P. A., & Sturtevant, B. R. (2009). Estimation of forest structural parameters using 5 and 10 meter SPOT-5 satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113, 2019–2036.
Xu, W., Yin, Y., & Zhou, S. (2007). Social and economic impacts of carbon sequestration and land use change on peasant households in rural China: a case study of Liping, Guizhou Province. Journal of Environmental Management, 85, 736–745.
Acknowledgments
We would like to extend our thanks to the forest management team leader, Önder Harmanci, and his staff, who were assigned to prepare three forest management plans (2012). Valuable assistance was provided by the Karaisalı State Forest Enterprise. Thanks are also due to the Turkish General Directorate of Forestry for time-series forest-stand-type maps and for valuable suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kadioğullari, A.İ., Sayin, M.A., Çelįk, D.A. et al. Analysing land cover changes for understanding of forest dynamics using temporal forest management plans. Environ Monit Assess 186, 2089–2110 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3520-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3520-9