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Levels of lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc in deciduous teeth of children living in Irbid, Jordan by ICP-OES: some factors affecting their concentrations

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in deciduous teeth from children living in Jordan and to investigate the affecting factors. Deciduous teeth samples (n = 320, without fillings) were collected from 5- to 12-year-old children and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. A questionnaire was used to gather information on each child, such as sex, age, tooth type (incisors, canines, and molars), tooth position within the mouth (upper or lower jaw), caries status, presence of amalgam fillings inside the mouth, type of drinking water (tap water, home purified water, and plant purified water), and zone of residence (close to or far from heavy traffic roads). The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn were 30.26, 0.55, 6.23, 34.72, and 128.21 μg/g, respectively. Our results indicate that there is a clear relation between the concentrations of the metals analyzed in this study and tooth type, tooth position within the mouth, caries status, presence of amalgam fillings inside the mouth, and type of drinking water. No significant differences in the concentrations of the five metals analyzed were observed due to sex. Our results also show that no significant difference among Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations and age among the ages of 5–6, 7–8, 9–10, and 11–12, except for Pb, which decreases at age 11–12.

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Acknowledgments

The financial support from Yarmouk University is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank all the dentists who helped us in collecting the samples. Thanks to Dr. Amjad Alnasir for helping us in the statistical analysis (Statistical department at Yarmouk University).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    A. Alomary, I. F. Al-Momani & S. M. Obeidat

  2. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

    A. M. Massadeh

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  1. A. Alomary
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  2. I. F. Al-Momani
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  3. S. M. Obeidat
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  4. A. M. Massadeh
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Correspondence to A. Alomary.

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Alomary, A., Al-Momani, I.F., Obeidat, S.M. et al. Levels of lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc in deciduous teeth of children living in Irbid, Jordan by ICP-OES: some factors affecting their concentrations. Environ Monit Assess 185, 3283–3295 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2790-y

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