Abstract
The concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Fe) from suspended particulate matter (SPM) and biota in Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea) were studied in order to evaluate the environmental impact of the anthropogenic metals before building of Wastewater Treatment Plant. SPM samples were collected in wet and dry periods from Izmir Bay. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu, 0.36–2.19; Mn, 0.07–11.3; Ni, 0.43–7.81; Zn, 7.33–269; Fe, 1.00–266 μgdm − 3) were comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted bays. Maximum metal concentrations in SPM were observed during summer season. SPM metal concentrations displayed a clear spatial trend with values increasing with proximity to urban centers. Cu and Zn concentrations in SPM were especially high in the inner bay. SPM were found to be contaminated by Zn. The vertical profile of Mn, Zn, and Ni concentrations in SPM had a maximal value at the upper layer and decreased to minimal value at the bottom layer of the inner bay in summer, in contrast to the observed pattern of Fe and Cu. Maximum Cu concentrations were obtained in Penaeus kerathurus. Also, maximum Zn and Fe concentrations were found in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Relatively high Cu levels were found in Sardina pilcardus and Mullus barbatus than other fish species. Besides, Cu levels were lower in Diplodus annularis and Merluccius merluccius. Finally, metal levels in biota tissues were lower than the limits of European Dietary Standards and Guidelines.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aloupi, M., Angelidis, M. O., Gabriel, A., Karantanelli, M., Koulousaris, M., Nikolaou, A., et al. (2007). Marine monitoring along the Eastern coastal area of the island of Lesvos, Greece during 2004 in the framework of Medpol III. Global NEST Journal, 9(2), 83–97.
APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1980). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (15th ed., 1134 pp).
Boyle, E. A., Sclater, F., & Edmond, J. M. (1977). The distributions of dissolved copper in the Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37, 38–54.
Bruland, K. W. (1980). Oceanographic distributions of Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu in the North Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 47, 177–198.
Bruland, K. W., Donat, J. R., & Hutchins, D. A. (1991). Interactive influences of bioactive trace metals on biological production on oceanic waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 36, 1555–1577.
Bryan, G. W. (1971). The effects of heavy metals (other than mercury) on marine and estuarine organisms. Philosophical Transactions the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 177, 389–410.
Collier, R., & Edmond, J. (1984). The trace element geochemistry of marine biogenic particulate matter. Progress in Oceanography, 13, 113–199.
Dassenakis, M., & Kloukiniotou, M. (1994). Trace metals and nutrients in the southern part of Euripos Straits. In: Proc Of International Conference on Restoration and Protection of the Environment II, pp. 280–284. Patra, Greece.
Demirkurt, E., Uysal, H., & Parlak, H. (1990). The levels of heavy metals accumulation in some benthic organisms living in Izmir Bay. (Paper presented at 32th CIESM Congress, Monaco).
Doukakis, S., Scoullos, M., & Dassenakis, M. (1993). Nutrients and trace metals in the Gulf of Gera, Greece. (Paper presented at 4th Greek Symposium on Oceanography and Fisheries). National Centre for Marine Research.
Favretto, L., Favretto, F.G., Felician, L. (1987). Principal component analysis for the identification of pollution sources in mussel survey by trace-metals. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung, 184(2), 101–109.
Gobeil, C., Macdonald, R. W., & Sundby, B, (1997). Diagnetic separation of cadmium and manganese in suboxic continental margin sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(21), 4647–4654.
Hem, J. D. (1963). Chemical equilibria and rates of manganese oxidation. US Geological Survey Water Supply Papers, 1667A, A1–A64.
Hornung, H., & Kress, N. (1991). Trace elements in offshore and inshore fish from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 31–32, 135–145.
Hurley, J. P., Watras, C. J., & Bloom, N. S. (1991). Mercury cycling in a Northern Wisconsin seepage Lake: The role of particulate matter in vertical transport. Water Air Soil Pollution, 56, 543–551.
IMST (1992). Environmental Impact Assesment of Dredging Works at the Izmir Harbour Ministry of Public Works. D.E.U. Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Izmir, Turkey.
Klinkhammer, G. P., & Bender, M. L. (1981). Trace metal distributions in the Hudson River Estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 12, 629–643.
Kontas A. (2006). Mercury in the Izmir Bay: An assessment of contamination. Journal of Marine Systems, 61, 67–78.
Kontas, A. (2008). Trace metals (Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe) contamination in marine sediment and zooplankton samples from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, Turkey). Water Air Soil Pollution, 188, 323–333.
Kontas, A., Kucuksezgin, F., Altay, O., & Uluturhan, E. (2004). Monitoring of eutrophication and nutrient limitation the Izmir Bay (Turkey) before and after Wastewater Treatment Plant. Environment International, 29, 1057–1062.
Kucuksezgin, F. (2001). Distribution of heavy metals in the surficial sediments of Izmir Bay (Turkey). Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 80, 203–207.
Kucuksezgin, F., & Balci, A. (1994). Heavy metal concentrations in selected organisms from Izmir Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28, 333–335.
Kucuksezgin, F., Kontas, A., Altay, O., & Uluturhan, E. (2005). Elemental composition of particulate matter and nutrient dynamics in the Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean). Journal of Marine Systems, 56(1–2), 67–84.
Kucuksezgin, F., Uluturhan, E., Kontas, A., & Altay, O. (2002). Trace metal concentrations in edible fishes from Izmir Bay, Eastern Aegean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 827–832.
Laslett, R. E., & Balls, B. W. (1995). The behavior of Mn, Ni and Zn in the Forth, an industrialized partially mixed estuary. Marine Chemistry, 48, 311–328.
Leivouri, M., Joksas, K., Seisuma, Z., Kulikova, I., Petersell, V., Larsen, B., et al. (2000). Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. Boreal Environment Research, 5, 165–185.
Lewis, B. L., & Landing, W. M. (1991). The biogeochemistry of Manganese and iron in the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research, 38(Suppl 2A), 773–803.
Loring, D. H. (1984). Trace metal geochemistry of sediments from Baffin Bay. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 1196–1209.
MAFF (1995). Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea, 1993. Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, Aquatic environment monitoring report, 44.
Mendil, D., Demirci, Z., Tuzen, M., & Soylak, M. (2010). Seasonal investigation of trace element contents in commercially valuable fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 865–870.
Özden, Ö., Erkan, N., & Ulusoy, S. (2010). Determination of mineral composition in three commercial fish species (Solea solea, Mullus surmuletus, and Merlangius merlangus). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 353–363.
Pohl, C., & Hennings, U. (1999). The effect of redox processes on the partitioning of Cd, Pb, Cu and Mn between dissolved and particulate phases in the Baltic Sea. Marine Chemistry, 65, 41–53.
Pohl, C., & Hennings, U. (2005). The coupling of long-term trace metal trends to internal trace metal fluxes at the oxic–anoxic interface in the Gotland Basin (57819,20VN; 20803,00VE) Baltic Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 56, 207–225.
Pohl, C., Hennings, U., Petersohn, I., & Siegel, H. (1998). Trace metal budget, transport, modification and sink in the transition area between the Oder and Peene rivers and southern Pomeranian Bight. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(8), 598–616.
Poikane, R., Carstensen, J., Dahllo, I., & Aigars, J. (2005). Distribution patterns of particulate trace metals in the water column and nepheloid layer of the Gulf of Riga. Chemosphere, 60, 216–225.
Quazi, S., Bani, C. P., Rahman, M. M., & Sayeed, S. (1995). Mineral content of fresh water and marine fish species. In: Proceedings of the third Asia-Pacific food analysis Network Conference on Food Analysis. P.2. (IRRI call no.TX511 C65).
Roden, E. E., & Edmonds, J. W. (1997). Phosphate mobilization in iron-rich anaerobic sediments. Microbial Fe (III) oxide reduction versus iron-sulfide formation. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 139(3), 347–378.
Rodriguez, C., Guerrero, J., Benedicto, J., & Jornet, A. (1995). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Rapport du Commite’ International Marin Me’diterrane’en, 34, 145.
Salomons, W., & Fostner, U. (1984). Metals in the hydrocycle (349 p). Berlin: Springer.
Saulnier, I., & Mucci, A. (2000). Trace metal remobilization following the resuspension of estuarine sediments: Saguenay Fjord, Canada. Applied Geochemistry, 15, 203–222.
Sayin, E. (2003). Physical features of the Izmir Bay. Continental Shelf Research, 23, 957–970.
Sayin, E., Akyarli, A., Saner, E., & Uslu, O. (1997). Seasonal temperature and salt distributions, physical processes and water masses in the Izmir Bay. Marine Research in the Izmir Bay. Workshop Abstracts, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology.
Scoullos, M., Dassenakis, M., & Pavlidou, A. (1994). A brief account on trace metal levels in the Saranikos Gulf, based on the 1986–1993 MED-POL Monitoring Programme. In: Proc. Of International Conference on Restoration and Protection of the Environment II, pp. 272–279. Patra, Greece.
Scoullos, M., Dassenakis, M., Zeri, C., Papageorgiou, K., & Dagre, P. (1990). An account of the levels of the dissolved and particulate trace metals in the Amvrakikos Gulf. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 321, 54.
Scoullos, M., Dassenakis, M., Zeri, C., Papageorgiou, K., & Rapti, M. (1987). Chemical studies of main estuaries and coastal areas of Greece. Progress Report to DG XI, Project GEC-ENV-560 GR.
Sullivan, A. S., & Drever, J. I. (2001). Geochemistry of suspended particles in a mine-affected mountain stream. Applied Geochemistry, 16, 1663–1676.
Summerhayes, C. P., & Thorpe, S. A. (1996). Oceanography—an illustrated guide (148 p.). Manson.
Sundby, B., Anderson, L. G., Hall, P. O. J., Iverfeldt, A., Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., & Westerlund, S. F. G. (1986). The effect of oxygen on release and uptake of cobalt, manganese, iron and phosphate at the sediment–water interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 1281–1288.
Sundby, B., Gobeil, C., Silverberg, N., & Mucci, A. (1992). The phosphorus cycle in coastal marine sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 37(6), 1129–1145.
Taillefert, M., & Gaillard, J. F. (2002). Reactive transport modeling of trace elements in the water column of a stratified lake: iron cycling and metal scavenging. Journal of Hydrology, 256, 16–34.
Taliadouri-Voutsinouu, F. (1980). Trace metals in marine organisms from the Saronikos Gulf (Greece). Ves Journées Etud. Pollutions CIESM, 275–280.
Tepe, Y., Mustafa Türkmen., & Türkmen, A. (2008). Assessment of heavy metals in two commercial fish species of four Turkish seas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 146, 277–284.
Uluozlu, O. D., Tuzen, M., Mendil, D., Soylak, M. (2007). Trace metal content in nine species of fish from the Black and Aegean Seas, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 104, 835–840.
UNEP (1982). Reference methods for marine pollution studies, No. 14.
UNEP (1984a). Sampling of selected marine organisms and sample preparation for trace metal analysis. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, No. 7.
UNEP (1984b). Determination of total Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu in selected marine organisms by flameless AAS. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, vol. 11.
UNEP (1985). Determination of total Hg in marine sediments and suspended solids by cold vapour AAS. Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, No. 26.
UNEP (1986). Assessment of the present state of pollution by cadmium, copper, zinc and lead in the Mediterranean Sea. Document UNEP/WG.144/11 submitted to the Fourth Meeting of the Working Group for Scientific and Technical Co-operation for MED POL (Athens, 16–20 June 1986), 41 p.
Widianarko, B., Van Gestel, C. A. M., Verweij, R. A., & Van Straalen, N. M. (2000). Assocciations between trace metals in sediment, water, and guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), from urban streams of Semarang, Indonesia. Ecotoxicogy and Environmental Safety, 46, 101–107.
Yucesoy, F., & Ergin, M. (1992). Heavy metal geochemistry of surface sediments from the southern Black Sea shelf and upper slope. Chemical Geology, 99, 265–287.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kontas, A. A case study of trace metals in suspended particulate matter and biota before wastewater treatment plant from the Izmir Bay, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 184, 2605–2616 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2138-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2138-z