Abstract
In this study, seawater samples were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analysis (water temperature, pH, Secchi disc depth and ammonia) in the Prince Islands which are located in Marmara Sea, being one of the most popular swimming areas in Istanbul. The monitoring program of the study has been carried out in the summer for 6 weeks at eight stations around the Prince Islands. Measured total coliform values were between 5 ± 2 and 26 ± 55 and faecal coliform values were between 4 ± 2 and 24 ± 50 in the monitoring stations. A statistical study has been conducted to find the relationship between total and faecal coliform concentrations, and t tests were applied. There was no significant difference in each location of the Islands, except one location. The results were evaluated by comparing with national and EU bathing water standards. Results of the study show that deep sea discharges and sea currents contribute dilution of coliform concentration in a positive way, and locations near coastal zones of the islands have acceptable values which are required by the regulations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdallah, S. A., Elmanama, A. A., Fahd, M. I., & Afifi, S. (2005). Microbiological beach sand quality in the Gaza Strip in comparison to seawater. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14(6), 841–850.
Adalar (2009). Adalar Municipality internet page. http://www.adalar.bel.tr.
Alm, E. W., Burke, J., & Spain, A. (2003). Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches. Water Research, 37, 3978–3982.
APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. New York: American Public Health Association.
Arakel, A. V. (1995). Towards developing sediment quality assessment guidelines for aquatic systems: An Australian perspective. Australian Journal of Earth Science, 42, 335–369.
Canteras, J. C., Juanes, J. A., Pérez, L., & Koev, K. N. (1995). Modelling the coliforms inactivation rates in the Cantabrian sea (bay of Biscay) from in situ and laboratory determinations of T90. Water Science and Technology, 32(2), 37–44.
Carlucci, A. F., & Pramer, D. (1960). An evaluation of factors affecting the survival of Escherichia coli in sea water: IV. Bacteriophages Applied Microbiology, 8(4), 254–256.
Crabill, C., Donald, R., Snelling, J., Foust, R., & Southam, G. (1999). The impact of sediment faecal coliform reservoirs on seasonal water quality in Oak Creek, Arizona. Water Research, 33(9), 2163–2171.
Edberg, S. C., Rice, E. W., Karlin, R. J., & Allen, M. J. (2000). Escherichia coli—The best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 106S–116S.
EEC (1976). The Council of European Economic Communities Directive of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing waters. Official J. the European Communities, directive no. 76/160/EEC. Council of European Economic Communities, Brussels, Belgium.
Elmanama, A. A., Fahd, M. I., Afifi, S., Abdallah, S., & Bahr, S. (2005). Microbiological beach sand quality in Gaza Strip in comparison to seawater quality. Environmental Research, 99, 1–10.
Elmanama, A. A., Afifi, S., & Bahr, S. (2006). Seasonal and spatial variation in the monitoring parameters of Gaza Beach during 2002–2003. Environmental Research, 101, 25–33.
EPA (1986). EPA’s ambient water quality criteria for bacteria. EPA 440/5-84-002. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Eroglu, V., Sarikaya, H. Z., & Aydin, A. F. (2001). Planning of wastewater treatment and disposal systems of Istanbul Metropolitan area. Water Science and Technology, 44(2), 31–38.
EU (2006). Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and Of The Council concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC, 15 February 2006.
Evison, L. M. (1988). Comparative studies on the survival of indicator organisms and pathogens in fresh and sea water. Water Science Technology, 20(11–12), 309–315.
Fewtrell, L., & Bartram, J. (2001). Water quality guidelines, standards and health assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. IWA Publishing ISBN 1 900222 28 0.
Gameson, A. L. H., & Gould, D. J. (1975). Effect of solar radiation on the mortality of some terrestrial bacteria in seawater. In A. H. L. Gameson (Ed.), Discharge of sewage from sea outfalls (pp. 209–219). Oxford: Pergamon.
Harvey, H. (1955). The chemistry and fertility of sea waters. London: Cambridge University Press.
Howell, J., Coyne, M., & Cornelius, P. (1996). Effect of sediment particle size and temperature on faecal bacteria mortality rates and the faecal coliform/faecal streptococci ratio. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25(6), 1216.
ISKI (2006). Annual report, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Istanbul, Lale (in Turkish).
Kanat, G. (2010). Web pages about wastewater treatment and disposal strategies in Istanbul. www.yildiz.edu.tr/~kanat/marmara.doc.
Lebaron, P., Henry, A., Lepeuple, A.-S., Pena, G., & Servais, P. (2005). An operational method for the real-time monitoring of E. coli numbers in bathing waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 652–659.
Mocé-Llivina, L., Lucena, F., & Jofre, J. (2005). Enteroviruses and bacteriophages in bathing waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(11), 6838–6844.
Morkoc, E., Okay, O. S., & Edinçliler, A. (2008). Land-based sources of pollution along the Izmit Bay and their effect on the coastal waters. Environmental Geology, 56(1), 131–138.
Nix, P., Daykin, M., & Vilkas, K. (1993). Sediment bags as an integrator of faecal contamination in aquatic systems. Water Research, 27(10), 1569–1576.
Obiri-Danso, K., & Jones, K. (1999). The Effect of a new sewage treatment plant on faecal indicator numbers, campylobacters and bathing water complianca in Morecambe Bay. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 603–614.
Okay, O. S., Legoviç, T., Tüfekçi, V., Egesel, L., & Morkoç, E. (1996). Environmental impact of land-based pollutants on Image zmit Bay (Turkey): Short-term algal bioassays and simulation of toxicity distribution in the marine environment. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 31, 459–465.
Okus, E., Ozturk, I., Sur, H. I., Yuksek, A., Tas, S., Aslan-Yilmaz, A., et al. (2008). Critical evaluation of wastewater treatment and disposal strategies for Istanbul with regards to water quality monitoring study results. Desalination, 226, 231–248.
Ozturk, I., Eroglu, V., & Akkoyunlu, A. (1992). Marine outfall applications on the Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Water Science and Technology, 25(9), 203–210.
PEDİ (2005). Provincial Environmental Directorate of Istanbul—Report of Environment, Istanbul.
Pekey, H., Karakas, D., Ayberk, S., Tolun, L., & Bakoglu, M. (2004). Ecological risk assessment using trace elements from surface sediments of İzmit Bay (Northeastern Marmara Sea) Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(9–10), 946–953.
Pommepuy, M., Guillaud, J. F., Dupray, E., Derrein, A., LeGuyader, F., & Cormier, M. (1992). Enteric bacteria survival factors. Water Science and Technology, 25(12), 93–103.
Sarikaya, H. Z., & Saatci, A. M. (1987). Bacterial die-off in the stabilisation ponds. Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, 113(2), 366–382.
Sarikaya, H. Z., Eroglu, V., Sevimli, M. F., & Öztürk, I. (1997). Pretreatment requirements and status of industrial effluents in the greater Istanbul area. Water Science and Technology, 36(2–3), 101–107.
SCE-Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity, and Environment (2004). Bathing water quality (online). European Economic Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.europa.eu.int/water/water-bathing/index_en.html.
Sinton, L. W., Finlay, R. K., & Lynch, P. (1999). Sunlight inactivation of faecal bacteriophages and bacteria in sewage-polluted seawater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65(8), 3605–3613.
TBWR (2006). Turkish Bathing Water Regulation.
Tolun, L. G., Okay, O. S., Gaines, A. F., Tolay, M., Tüfekçi, H., Kıratlı, N. (2001). The pollution status and the toxicity of surface sediments in Izmit Bay (Marmara Sea), Turkey. Environment International, 26, 163–168.
TWPCR (2004). Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation.
Unlu, S., Alpar, B., Aydin, S., Akbulak, C., Balkis, N., Barut, I., et al. (2006). Anthropogenic pollution in sediments from the Gulf of Gemlik (Marmara Sea, Turkey); cause-result relationship. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 15(12a), 1521–1560.
Unlu, S., Topcuoglu, S., Alpar, B., Kirbasoğlu, C., & Yilmaz, Y. Z. (2008). Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 144(1–3), 169–178.
WHO (2003). Manual for recreational water and beach quality monitoring and assessment. Draft, WHO, Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health.
Yuksel, E., Eroglu, V., Sarikaya, H. Z., & Koyuncu, I. (2004). Current and future strategies for water and wastewater management of Istanbul City. Environmental Management, 33(2), 186–195.
Yukselen, M. A., Calli, B., Gokyay, O., & Saatci, A. (2003). Inactivation of coliform bacteria in Black Sea waters due to solar radiation. Environment International, 29, 45–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ilter Turkdogan Aydinol, F., Kanat, G. & Bayhan, H. Sea water quality assessment of Prince Islands’ Beaches in Istanbul. Environ Monit Assess 184, 149–160 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1954-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1954-5