Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metal Fractionation Study on Bed Sediments of Lake Nainital, Uttaranchal, India

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Lake Nainital in the heart of Nainital Town in the State of Uttaranchal (India) receives toxic substances through various open drains through the catchment of the lake. The toxic substances of particular interest are heavy metals derived from urban runoff as well as municipal sewage and industrial effluents. Heavy metals entering the lake get adsorbed onto the suspended sediments, which in turn settle down in the bottom of the lake. In this study fractionation of metal ions has been studied on the bed sediments of lake Nainital with the objective to determine the eco-toxic potential of metal ions. Comparison of sediments with average shae values indicated anthropogenic enrichment with nickel, lead, cadmium and zinc. The risk assessment code as applied to the present study reveals that 4–13% of manganese, 4–8% of copper, 17–24% of nickel, 3–5% of chromium, 13–26% of lead, 14–23% of cadmium and 2–3% of zinc exist in exchangeable fraction and therefore comes under low to medium risk category and may enter into food chain. The association of these metals with exchangeable fraction may cause deleterious effects to aquatic life. The present database will help in formulating guidelines for carrying out dredging operations and/or restoration programmes in the Nainital lake.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Chakrapani, G. J. (2002). Water and sediment geochemistry of major Kumaun Himalayan lakes, India. Environmental Geology, 43, 99–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra Sekhar, K., Chary, N. S., Kamala, C. T., Suman Raj, D. S., & Sreenivasa Rao, A. (2003). Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment bound heavy metals in Kolleru lake by edible fish. Environment International, 29, 1001–1008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, B. K. (2005). Environmental pollution impact on water and sediment of Kumaun lakes, Leser Himalaya, India: A comparative study. Environmental Geology, 49, 230–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. M., & Pande, J. (1978). Some physico-chemical and biological indicators of pollution in lake Nainital, Kumaun (UP). Indian Journal of Ecology, 5, 7–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, B. K., Singh, M., & Borkar, M. D. (1994). Sediment accumulation rate in lakes of Kumaun Himalaya, India using 210Pb and 226Ra. Environmental Geology, 23, 114–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, B. K., Singh, M., & Grieken, R. V. (1995). The elemental chemistry of sediments in the Nainital lake, Kumaun Himalaya, India. Science of the Total Environment, 168, 85–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, C. M., Thomas, R. P., McVey, S. E., Perala, R., Littlejohn, D., & Ure, A. M. (1994). Evaluation of sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of heavy metals in sediments. Analytica Chimica Acta, 291, 277–286.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forstner, W., & Muller, G. (1975). Factors controlling the distribution of minor and trace elements (heavy metals V, Li, Sr) in recent lacustrine sediments, Resumes des Publications IX Congress Intl. De Sedimentologie, Nice, Theme II, p. 6.

  • Forstner, W., & Wittman, G. T. W. (1983). Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment, 2nd Edition, Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fytianos, K., & Lourantou, A. (2004). Speciation of elements in sediment samples collected at lakes Volvi and Koronia, N. Greece. Environment International, 30, 11–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R. J. (1977). Transport phases of transition metals in the Amazon and Yukon rivers. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88, 829–843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, P. K., & Pant, M. C. (1983). Macrobenthos of lake Nainital (U.P.), India with particular reference to pollution. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 19, 397–405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control—A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K. (2001). Adsorption of zinc onto bed sediments of the river Ganga: Adsorption models and kinetics. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46(3), 419–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K. (2004). Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. Water Research, 38(3), 569–578.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K., & Ali, I. (2000a). Adsorption of cadmium on riverine sediments: Quantitative treatment of the large particles. Hydrological Processes, 14, 261–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K., & Ali, I. (2000b). Arsenic: Occurrence, Toxicity and Speciation Techniques. Water Research, 34(17), 4304–4312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K., & Sharma, M. K. (2002). Adsorption of cadmium on bed sediments of river Hindon: Adsorption models and kinetics. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 137, 1–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K., Singhal, D. C., & Sharma, M. K. (2004). Adsorption of zinc on bed sediment of River Hindon: Absorption models and kinetics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B114, 231–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, C. K., Singhal, D. C., & Sharma, M. K. (2005). Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the river Hindon, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105(1–3), 193–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jha, S. K., Acharya, R. N., Reddy, A. V. R., Manohar, S. B., Nair, A. G. C., Chavan, S. B., & Sadasivan, S. (2002). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4, 131–137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khulbe, R. D. (1982). Problems of water pollution in Kumaun Himalaya. Himalayan Research & Development, 1, 131–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotlia, B. S., Bhalla, M. S., Sharma, C., Rajgopalan, G., Ramesh, R., Chauan, M. S., et al. (2000). Palaeoclimatic conditions in the upper Pleistocene and Holocene Bhimtal-Naukuchiatal lake basin in south-central Kumaun, North India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 130(1–4), 307–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, B., Nachiappan, Rm. P., Rai, S. P., Saravankumar, N., & Navada, S. V. (1999). Improved prediction of life expectancy for a Himalayan lake: Nainital, U.P., India. Mountain Research and Development, 19(2), 113–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, M. C., Giacomelli, M. B. O., Stupp, V., Roberge, F. D., & Barrera, P. B. (2001). Speciation analysis of copper and lead in Tubaco River sediments using the Tessier sequential extraction procedure. Quimica Nova, 24, 734–742.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luoma, A., & Campbell, P. C. G. (1987). Partitioning of trace metals in sediment: Relationship with bioavailability. Hydrobiology, 149, 43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marin, B., Valladon, M., Polve, M., & Monaco, A. (1997). A reproducibility testing of a sequential extraction scheme for the determination of trace metal speciation in a marine reference sediment by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytic Chimica Acta, 342, 91–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. W., & Ramamoorthy, S. (1984). Heavy metals in natural waters, applied monitoring and impact assessment. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nembrini, G. P. (1982). Speciation of Fe and Mn in a sediment core of the Baie de Villefrance (Mediterranean Sea, France). Environmental Technology Letters, 3, 545–552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pande, J., & Das, S. M. (1980). Metallic contents in water and sediments of the Lake Nainital. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 13, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pant, M. C., & Bisht, J. S. (1980). Impact of the changing environment on the lacustrine fisheries of Nainital. In J. S. Singh, S. P. Singh & C. Shastri (Eds.), Science and Rural Development in Mountains (pp. 437–448). Nainital: Gyanodiya Prakashan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pant, M. C., Gupta, P. K., Pande, J., Sharma, P. C., & Sharma, A. P. (1981). Aspects of water pollution in Lake Nainital, U.P., India. Environmental Conservation, 8(2), 113–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pant, M. C., Sharma, A. P., & Sharma, P. C. (1980). Evidence for the increased eutrophication of lake Nainital as a result of human interference. Environmental Pollution. (Series B), 1, 149–161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardo, R., Barrado, E., Castrillejo, Y., Velasco, M. A., & Vega, M. (1993). Study of the contents and speciation of heavy metals in river sediments by factor analysis. Analytical Letters, 26, 1719–1739.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pempkowiak, J., Sikora, A., & Biemacka, E. (1999). Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments vs. their bioaccumulation by Mussels. Chemosphere, 39(2), 313–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perin, G., Craboledda, L., Lucchese, M., Cirillo, R., Dotta, L., Zanette, M. L., & Orio, A. A. (1985). Heavy metal speciation in the sediments of Northern Adriatic sea—A new approach for environmental toxicity determination. In T. D. Lekkas (Ed.), Heavy Metal in the Environment, Vol. 2 (pp. 454–456).

  • Purohit, R., & Singh, S. P. (1981). Seasonal variation of physico-chemical limnology of shallow zones of Nainital lake, Western Himalayas (India). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, B47(No. 2), 194–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quevauviller, P., Rauret, G., Muntau, H., Ure, A. M., Rubio, R., & Lopaz-Sanchez, J. F. (1994). Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of extractable trace metal contents in sediments. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 349, 808–814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai, S. P., Kumar, B., Nachiappan, Rm. P., & Garg, P. (2004). Impact of urbanisation on chemical characteristics of lake Nainital in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. In C. K. Jain, R. C. Trivedi & K. D. Sharma (Eds.), Water Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Prediction (pp. 241–251). New Delhi: Allied.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomons, W., & Forstner, U. (1980). Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments. Part II: Evaluation of environmental impact. Environmental Technology Letters, 506–517.

  • Samanidou, V., & Fytianos, K. (1987). Partitioning of heavy metals into selective chemical fractions in sediments from rivers in northern Greece. Science of the Total Environment, 67, 279–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M., & Das, B. K. (1996). Major ion chemistry and control of weathering of Bhimtal lake, Kumaun Himalaya, India. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 8(3), 367–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. P., Pant, M. C., Sharma, A. P., Sharma, P. C., & Purohit, R. (1980). Limnology of shallow water zones of lakes in Kumaun Himalaya (India), Proc. First International Wetlands Conference (39–49). India: New Delhi.

  • Singh, S. P., Tack, F. M., & Verloo, M. G. (1998). Heavy metal fractionation and extractability in dredged sediment derived surface soils. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 102, 313–328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. D., & Milne, P. J. (1979). Determination of Fe in suspended matter and sediments of the Yana River Estuary and the distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn in the sediments. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30, 731–739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedures for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844–851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuzen, M. (2003). Determination of trace metals in River Yesilimak sediments in Tokat, Turkey using sequential extraction procedure. Microchemical Journal, 74, 105–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdiya, K. S. (1980). Geology of Kumaun Himalaya. Nainital, India: Gynodaya Prakashan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdiya, K. S. (1988). Geology and Natural Environment of Nainital Hills, Kumaun Himalaya. Nainital, India: Gynodaya Prakashan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. X., & Fisher, N. S. (1999). Assimilation efficiencies of chemical contaminants in aquatic invertebrates: a synthesis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 2034–2045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247 667, India

    C. K. Jain

  2. Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar, 500 007, India

    D. S. Malik & Rashmi Yadav

Authors
  1. C. K. Jain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. S. Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rashmi Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. K. Jain.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jain, C.K., Malik, D.S. & Yadav, R. Metal Fractionation Study on Bed Sediments of Lake Nainital, Uttaranchal, India. Environ Monit Assess 130, 129–139 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9383-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9383-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation