Abstract
Spatial variability of salinity and alkalinity is important for site-specific management since they are the most important factors influencing soil quality and agricultural production. The objectives of this study were to analyze spatial variability in salinity and alkalinity and some soil properties affecting salinity and alkalinity, using classical statistics and geostatistical methods, in an irrigated field with low-quality irrigation water diverted from drainage canals. A field of 5 da was divided into 10m × 10m grids (5 lines in the east-west direction and 10 lines in the north-south direction). The soil samples were collected from three depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90cm) at each grid corner. The variation coefficients of OM and sand contents were higher than other soil properties. OM had the maximum variability, with a mean of 1.63% at 0-30cm depth and 0.71% at 30-60cm depth. Significant correlations occurred between ESP, EC and each of Ca, Mg, K and CaCO3 contents of the soils (p<0.01). Experimental semivariograms were fitted to spherical and gaussian models. All geostatistical range values were greater than 36m. The soil properties had spatial variability at small distances at 60-90cm depth. EC was variable within short distances at 30-60cm depth. The nugget effect of ESP increased with soil depth. Kriged contour maps revealed that soils had a salinisation and alkalisation tendency at 60-90cm depth based on spatial variance structure of the EC and ESP values. Spatial variability in EC and ESP can depend on ground water level, quality of irrigation water, and textural differences.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ayers, R.S. & Westcot, D.W. (1989). Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage. Paper no: 29, pp. 1–174, Rome.
Bohn, H.L., McNeal, B.L. & O'Connor, G.A. (1985). Soil chemistry (329 pp). New York: Wiley.
Boivin, P., Favre, F., Hammecker, C., Maeght, J.L., Delariviere, J., Poussin, J.C., & Wopereis, M. C. S. (2002). Processes driving soil solution chemistry in a flooded rice-cropped vertisol: analysis of long-time monitoring data. Geoderma, 110, 87–107.
Burgess, T.M. & Webster, R. (1980). Optimal interpolation and isarithmic mapping of soil properties. I. The semi-variogram and punctual kriging. Journal of Soil Science, 31, 315–331.
Cambardella, C.A. & Karlen, D.L. (1999). Spatial analysis of soil fertility parameters. Precision Agriculture 1, 5–14.
Ceuppens, J., Wopereis, M.C.S. & Miezan, K.M. (1997). Soil salinization processes in rice irrigation schemes in the Senegal River delta. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 61(4), 1122–1130.
Dolittle, J.A., Sudduth, K.A., Kitchen, N.R., & Indorante, S.J. (1994). Estimating depth to claypans using electromagnetic induction methods. Journal of Soil Water Conservaton, 49, 572–575.
Gee, G.W. & Bouder, J.W. (1986). Particle size analysis. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods (2nd ed., pp. 825–844) Madison, WI: Agronomy monography no: 9, ASA and SSSA.
Goovaerts, R. (1997). Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation (483 pp). New York: Oxford University Press.
GS+5.1. (2001). Gamma design software. MI, USA.: Plainwell.
Isaaks, E.H. & Srivastava, R.M. (1989). An introduction to applied geostatistics (561 pp). New York: Oxford Uni. Press, Inc.
Kachanoski, R.G., Gregorich, E.G., & Van Wesenbeck, I. J. (1988). Estimating spatial variations of soil water content using non-containing electromagnetic inductive methods. Canadian Soil Science, 68, 715–722.
Kelleners, T.J. & Chaudhry, M.R. (1998). Drainage water salinity of tube wells and pipe drains: A case study from Pakistan. Agriculture Water Management 37, 41–53.
Kí lí ç, K., Özgöz, E., & Akbaş, F. (2004). Assessment of spatial variability in penetration resistance as related to some soil physical properties of two Fluvents in Turkey. Soil & Tillage Research, 76, 1–11.
Miyamoto, S., Chacon, A., Hossain, M., & Martinez, I. (2005). Soil salinity of urban turf areas irrigated with saline water: I. Spatial variability. Landscape and Urban Planning, 71, 233–241.
Miyamoto, S. & Chacon, A. (2005). Soil salinity of urban turf areas irrigated with saline water: II. Soil factors. Landscape and Urban Planning. (in Press)
Miyamoto, S. & Cruz, I. (1987). Spatial variability of soil salinity in furrow-irrigated torrifluvents. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 51, 1019–1025.
Mulla, D.J. & McBratney, A.B. (2000). Soil spatial variability (pp. A-321–A-352). In: M.E. Sumner (Ed.), Handbook of soil science. Boca Raton, FL, USA.: CRC Press.
Nelson, D.W. & Sommers, l.E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A. L., et al., (Eds.). Part 2. Methods of soil analysis (2nd ed., pp. 539–577). Madison, WI: ASA Publ. Vol. 9 ASA and SSSA.
Nielsen, D.R., Tillotson, P.M., & Vieira, S.R. (1983). Analyzing field-measured soil-water properties. Agricultural Water Management 6, 93–109.
Postel, R. (1989). Water of agriculture: Facing the limits, worldwatch paper. Washington D.C.: 93 Worldwatch Ins.
Rhoades, J.D. (1986). Cation exchange capacity. In C. A. Francis et al. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis (pp. 149–158). Madison, WI.: Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA.
Rhoades, J.D., Kandioh, A.P., & Mashali, A.M. (1992). The Use of Saline Waters for Crop Production. FAO irrigation and Drainage Paper 48, Food and Agricultural Organization of The United Nations, Rome Italy.
Saltalí , K. & Derici, M.R. (1999). Salinity status and seasonal movement of salts in Kazova soils of Tokat in Turkey. Gaziosmanpasa University of Agricultur Faculty Journal, 16, 203–215.
Saltalí , K., Kí lí ç, K., Durak, A., & Kí lí ç, M. (1999). The determination of water quality of some drainage channels at Kaz Lake of Tokat province in Turkey. Gaziosmanpasa University of Agricultur Faculty Journal, 16, 193–203.
Seatz, L.F. & Peterson, H.B. (1965). Acid, alkaline, saline, and sodic soils. In: Bear, F. E. (Ed.), Chemistry of the soil (pp. 292–319). New York: Reinhold Pub.
Sharma, D.P. & Rao, K.V.G.K. (1998). Strategy for long term use of saline drainage water for irrigation in semi-arid regions. Soil&Tillage Research, 48, 287–295.
SPSS (2000). SPSS for Windows. Student Version. USA.: Release 10.0.9. SPSS Inc.
State Water Works. (1999). The detailed land classification and drainage reports in Kazova Province in Turkey. Upper Yesilirmak Project, 2, 17–790. Ankara, Turkey.
Sudduth, K.A., Kitchen, N.R., & Drummond, S.T. (1999). Soil conductivity sensing on claypan soils: Comparison of electromagnetic induction and direct methods. In: P. C. Robert, R. H. Rust, & W. E. Larson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Int. Conference On Precision Agriculture (pp. 979–990). St. Paul, MN, July 19–22 1998. Madison, WI: ASA-CSSA-SSSA.
Taşova, H. (1997). Classification, survey and mapping of soils in the kazova agriculture working. Gaziosmanpaşa Uni. Grad. Sch. Nat. App. Sci., Dept. Soil Sci., PhD Thesis, 187 pp.
Trangmar, B.B., Yost,R.S., & Uehara, G. (1985). Application of geostatistics to spatial stu-dies of soil properties. Advancement in Agronomy, 38, 45–94.
Utset, A., Ruiz, M.E., Herrera, J. & de Leon, D.P. (1998). A geostatistical method for soil salinity sample site spacing. Geoderma, 86, 143–151.
van Asten, P.J.A., Barbiero, L., Wopereis, M.C.S., Maeght, J.L. & van der Zee, S.E.A.T.M. (2003). Actual and potential salt-related soil degradation in an irrigated rice scheme in the Sahelian zone of Mauritania. Agricultural Water Management, 60, 13–32.
Warrick, A.W., Myers, D.E. & Nielsen, D.R. (1986). Geostatistical methods applied to soil science. SSSA, Agronomy Monograph no. 9.
Webster, R. (1985). Quantitative Spatial Analysis of Soil in The Field. Advancement in Soil Science, 3, 1–70.
Webster, R., (2001). Statistics to support soil research and their presentation. European Journal of Soil Science, 52, 331–340.
Webster, R. & Oliver, M.A. (1990). Statistical methods in soil and land resource survey (316 pp). Oxford Univ. Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kılıç, K., Kılıç, S. Spatial variability of salinity and alkalinity of a field having salination risk in semi-arid climate in northern Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 127, 55–65 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9258-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9258-x