Abstract
The Keelung port, which is located on the northern tip of Taiwan, right next to the Taipei metropolitan area, is an important international harbor. However, any air pollutants generated from the Keelung port region, immediately travel to the neighboring Keelung city, and greatly impact the residents' daily life and the quality of their environment. This study has investigated and quantified pollution emissions, from the Keelung port region, between 1997 and 2002. Emissions from major air pollution sources were estimated. The estimated results indicated that total TSP (total suspended particles) emissions had significantly increased, from 5221 ton/yr in 1997 to 262 687 ton/yr in 2002, due to the greatly increased volume of sand imported into Keelung Harbor. Quantities of other emissions, such as SO2, NO2, CO and HC remained stable and were 440, 207, 78 and 25 ton/yr, respectively, on average, with variations within 7% over the previous six-year period. By examining the emissions from pollution sources, it was found that TSP emissions mainly originated from re-suspension of dust, due to both vehicle movement and the sand unloading process; this accounted for over 99% of the total TSP emissions produced in the port region. About 80% of the total SO2 emissions originated from the main ships' engines within the Keelung port region, due to the use of fuel with a high sulfur content. In addition, loading/unloading machines within the port region were the major sources of NO2, CO and HC pollution emissions, which comprised 54, 58 and 66% of the total emissions of these pollutants, respectively. TSP emissions from Keelung port were much higher than from the neighboring Keelung city; hence, alleviating TSP emissions should be the first priority for air pollution reduction within both the port of Keelung and Keelung city.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dykman, B.: 1995, ‘Los Angles Harbor Department Technical Comments on the proposed federal implementation plan marine/vessel/ports regulation’, Marine Technol. 32, 186–192.
Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan, ROC: 2002, Taiwan Emission Data System, 5th Edn., Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan, Taipei, ROC.
Environmental Protection Bureau of Keelung City, Taiwan: 2002, 2002 Implementation and Management of Clean Air Quality Plan, Environmental Protection Bureau, Keelung City, Taiwan, ROC.
Gupta, A. K., Patil, R. S. and Gupta, S. K.: 2002, ‘Emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants in a port and harbor region in India’, Environ. Monit. Assess. 80, 187–205.
Keelung Harbor Bureau in Taiwan, ROC: 2002a, The Keelung Harbor Year Book, Keelung Harbor Bureau, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
Keelung Harbor Bureau in Taiwan, ROC: 2002b, Keelung Harbor Bureau Statistical Abstract, Keelung Harbor Bureau, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
Keelung Harbor Bureau in Taiwan, ROC: 2003a, Keelung Harbor Bureau Statistical Abstract, Keelung Harbor Bureau, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
Keelung Harbor Bureau: 2003b, Implementation Procedure for Dust Resuspension Prevention in Keelung Harbor, Keelung Harbor Bureau, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
Lin, C. Y.: 2002, ‘Reduction of particulate matter and gaseous emission from marine diesel engines using a catalyzed particulate filter’, Ocean Eng. 29(11), 1327–1341.
Lin, C. Y. and Chen, W. C.: 2003, ‘Emission characteristics of marine furnaces burned at varying inlet air temperatures and humidity’, Ocean Eng. 30(18), 2405–2422.
Lin, C. Y. and Chen, W. C.: 2004, ‘Influences of calcium content in marine fuel oil on emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying humidity and temperature of the inlet air’, J. Environ. Sci. Health A39(1), 281–297.
Smith, A. J.: 1997, ‘Air pollution from ship’, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Manage. 42, 7–9.
US Environmental Protection Agency: 1993a, Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42, Section~13.2.1 Paved Roads, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
US Environmental Protection Agency: 1993b, Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42, Section~3.4 Large Stationary Diesel & All Stationary Dual Fuel Engines, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
US Environmental Protection Agency: 1995, Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42, Section~13.2.4 Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
US Environmental Protection Agency: 1998a, Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, AP-42, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, 5th Edn., US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
US Environmental Protection Agency: 1998b, Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42, Section~1.3 Fuel Oil Combustion, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Yu, J. Z., Tung, J., Wu, A., Lau, A., Louie, P. and Fung, J.: 2004, ‘Abundance of seasonal characteristics of elemental and organic carbon in Hong Kong PM10’, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1511–1521.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu-Peng, C., Lin, CG. & Jong, TC. Emissions of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants within the Keelung Harbor Region of Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess 109, 37–56 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-4335-0
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-4335-0