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Population structure and genetic diversity of Dothistroma septosporum in Slovakia

European Journal of Plant Pathology volume 160, pages 771–787 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is a serious pine disease present worldwide caused by the ascomycetous fungi Dothistroma septosporum and Dothistroma pini. Based on multiplex PCR analysis of 11 microsatellite markers screened on 253 D. septosporum isolates obtained from 32 sites across Slovakia, a total of 137 unique multilocus haplotypes (MLHs) were detected. The majority of MLHs (n = 91) were represented by a single isolate, but 13 MLHs were found at two different sites, and in some cases, these were separated by large distances. Four population clusters were identified using a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The genetic clusters obtained from the DAPC were mixed throughout the country and were not restricted to particular host species. Although both mating types of D. septosporum were found to be in an almost perfect 1:1 ratio in both the non-clone-corrected and clone-corrected datasets, random mating was rejected in the entire dataset. Random mating was only supported in the Pinus mugo group planted in urban areas and on a smaller spatial scale in two sites (Kálnica and Litava) using the clone-corrected dataset. These findings suggest a mixed mode of reproduction with an important component of sexual reproduction, although the sexual stage of the fungus (teleomorph) has not been physically observed in Slovakia yet. The examination of spatial relationships using spatial principal component analyses and the presence of isolation-by-distance together with relatively high genetic diversity suggests the pathogen has been long established in Slovakia and spread naturally across the landscape. However, the weak population structure and findings of identical clones at widely separated sites strongly suggests some degree of human assisted dispersal.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to our laboratory technician Monika Halandová, who patiently helped during isolations. Forests engineers Ing. Ivan Jurík and Ing. Jozef Habara are thanked for their help in the field. This study is based upon work from a Short-Term Scientific Mission Grant EU COST action FP1102 DIAROD. The study was financially supported by the Forestry Commission, United Kingdom, by the European Regional Development Fund, Project Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000453, by the Slovak Research and Development Agency bilateral Slovakia – France project No. SK-FR-2017-0025, and by Scientific Grant Agency VEGA of the Slovak Academy of Sciences No. 2/0077/18.

Funding

The study was financially supported by the Forestry Commission, United Kingdom, by the European Regional Development Fund, Project Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000453, by the Slovak Research and Development Agency bilateral Slovakia – France project No. SK-FR-2017-0025, and by Scientific Grant Agency VEGA of the Slovak Academy of Sciences No. 2/0077/18.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, SK-94901, Nitra, Slovak Republic

    Zuzana Jánošíková, Emília Ondrušková & Katarína Adamčíková

  2. INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, 33610, Cestas, France

    Cyril Dutech

  3. Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Martin Mullett

  4. Forest Research , Alice Holt Lodge , Surrey, GU10 4LH, Farnham, United Kingdom

    Martin Mullett

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Supplementary Figure 1

a/b/c: (Population structure and genetic diversity of Dothistroma septosporum in Slovakia, European Journal of Plant Pathology, Jánošíková, Z., Dutech, C., Ondrušková, E., Adamčíková, K., Mullett, M.; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology , Akademická 2, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic; janosikova@ife.sk). Discriminant analysis of principal components DAPC results: (a) the optimal number of clusters (K) as determined by K-means, the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) is plotted for K = 1–10, the elbow in the graph at K = 4 indicates this to be the most suitable value, (b) principal component scatter plot of all individuals, based on the DAPC output using 5 principal components, (c) estimated population structure by discriminant analyses of principal components. The proportion of four genetic groups among geographical regions and host. Names of localities are given by codes e.g. Brusno_PM_u, the first part of code refers to the name of locality, the second to host: PM – Pinus mugo, PS – P. sylvestris, PN – P. nigra, PA – Pinus aristata, PiA – Picea abies, the third refers to the habitat: u – urban, nr – natural regeneration, fp – forest plantation, x – Christmas tree plantation, a – arboretum, n – nursery, Vertical bars represent individual isolates and are coloured according to cluster: Cluster1 – blue, Cluster2 – brown, Cluster3 – yellow, Cluster4 – red. (PDF 383 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2

Pie charts representing the proportion of DAPC clusters by main host species. Colour coding of clusters: Cluster1 – blue, Cluster2 – brown, Cluster3 – yellow, Cluster4 – red (Population structure and genetic diversity of Dothistroma septosporum in Slovakia, European Journal of Plant Pathology, Jánošíková, Z., Dutech, C., Ondrušková, E., Adamčíková, K., Mullett, M.; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Akademická 2, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic; janosikova@ife.sk (PDF 176 kb)

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Jánošíková, Z., Dutech, C., Ondrušková, E. et al. Population structure and genetic diversity of Dothistroma septosporum in Slovakia. Eur J Plant Pathol 160, 771–787 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02266-z

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